နမော တဿ ဘဂဝတော အရဟတော သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓဿ.

Homage to the Blessed One, the Arahant, the Perfectly Self-Enlightened One.

ဗာလာဝတာရ

An Introduction for Beginners

ပဏာမ

Homage

[က]

[Ka]

သဗ္ဗံ နိရုတ္တိပထပါရဂတံ သဗုဒ္ဓံ,ဗုဒ္ဓံ တိလောကတိလကံ ဟတပါပဓမ္မံ;

ဓမ္မံ ဝိမုတ္တိသုခဒံ ဝိဟတာဃသံဃံ,သံဃံ စ နိစ္စမဘိဝန္ဒိယ ဒက္ခိဏေယျံ.

Having always revered the Buddha—who has gone beyond all paths of language, the perfectly self-awakened, the crest-jewel of the three worlds, who has destroyed evil states; the Dhamma—which gives the bliss of liberation and has dispelled the mass of defilements; and the Sangha—worthy of offerings:

[ခ]

[Kha]

ဝုဒ္ဓိပ္ပတ္တောသ္မိ မုဒ္ဓေါ မမ ဝရဂရဝေါ သီလပညာဒိသောဘေ,စန္ဒာဒိစ္စေဝ သုဒ္ဓေ ဝရဇိနဌပိတေ သာသနာဗ္ဘေ ပတီတေ;

နိဿာယေဝါ တိပေမာ ပဏမိယ သိရသာ နိစ္စမေသံ သရိတွာ,ပါဒမ္ဘောဇေ ဂုဏဂ္ဂေ ဟတဒုရိတမလော အာနုဘာဝေန တဿာ.

I have attained old age and am dull-witted, yet my reverence is great for the splendors of virtue, wisdom, and the like, pure as the moon and sun, renowned in the sky of the excellent Conqueror's Dispensation. Relying on them with intense devotion, ever remembering them and bowing my head to the lotus feet of those foremost in virtue, may the stain of evil be destroyed by their power.

[ဂ]

[Ga]

ပေါရာဏ သီဟဠ ပဒတ္ထ ဝိနိစ္ဆယဉ္စ,သဗ္ဗမ္ပိ မာဂဓနိရုတ္တိနယံ ပသတ္ထံ;

အညဉ္စ နေကဝိဓ သက္ကတ သဒ္ဒသတ္ထံ,ပါရမ္ပရာဘတ မတဉ္စ နိသမ္မ သမ္မာ.

Having carefully considered the ancient Sinhala analysis of word-meaning, the entire praised method of the Magadhan language, various other kinds of Sanskrit grammatical treatises, and the views handed down by tradition;

[ဃ]

[Gha]

ဗာလာဝတာရ ဝရမာဂဓ သဒ္ဒသတ္ထေ,ဒုဗ္ဗောဓ နေကပဒအတ္ထ ဝိနိစ္ဆယေန;

အတ္ထာယ အာဓုနိက ဗာလပရမ္ပရာယ,ဗာလာဝတာရ ဝရဂဏ္ဌိပဒံ ကရိဿံ.

For the benefit of the modern lineage of beginners, I shall compose this excellent gloss on the Bālāvatāra, by analyzing the meaning of the many difficult words in that excellent Magadhan grammar, which is hard to understand.

[င]

[Ṅa]

နိစ္စံ ယေ မေတ္ထ ဗာလာ ဝရဟဒယယုတာ သုဋ္ဌု နိက္ခိတ္တနေတ္တာ,ပုဏ္ဏေ နာနာနယာနံ သုရတရုသဒိသေ ဓီရပါသံသိယေ ဝေ;

ဂမ္ဘီရံ ဒုတ္တရံ တေ ဇိနဝစနုဒဓိံ တိဏ္ဏထာမာ ဘဝေယျုံ,လဒ္ဓေါပါယာ စ စန္ဒံ တဒိတရပစုရံ သက္ကတံ သောတုကာမာ.

May those beginners here, who are possessed of noble hearts and well-restrained eyes, who are like the full moon and wish-fulfilling trees, praised by the wise, gain the strength to cross the deep and difficult-to-cross ocean of the Victor's word. And having obtained the means, may they become eager to hear the beautiful teaching and its abundant praises.

[စ]

[Ca]

ဂန္ထနိပ္ဖတ္တိယာ သေသ – ဒုက္ကရတ္တံ ယထာဝတော;

ဇာနန္တိ ကုသလာ ဓီရာ, နေကသတ္ထန္တရာဒိသု;

ဂန္ထေသု ဂုဏဒေါသမ္ပိ, တေယေဝ ဝိဒုရာ သဒါ.

Only the wise and skilled, who are versed in many different treatises, truly understand the great difficulty of completing a book; they alone always perceive both the merits and faults in such works.

[ဆ]

[Cha]

တသ္မာ ဧတ္ထ ပမာဒါဒိ – ဒေါသလေသော ဘဝေ ယဒိ;

ပေါရာဏာစေရလဒ္ဓီဟိ, ဝိလောမံ ဝါ ဘဝေယျ စေ.

Therefore, if there should be any trace of a fault here, such as negligence, or if it should be contrary to the doctrines received from the ancient teachers,

[ဇ]

[Ja]

ဂန္ထန္တရံ ဝိဂါဟေတွာ, ဝိစာရေတွာ ပုနပ္ပုနံ;

ယုတ္တိမေဝ စ ဂဏှန္တု, ဟုတွာ ဝီမံသဗုဒ္ဓိကာတိ.

Let them examine other texts and reflect again and again, and having become discerning, let them accept only what is proper.

ပဏာမ

Homage

၁. ဗုဒ္ဓံ [Pg.1] တိဓာ ဘိဝန္ဒိတွာ, ဗုဒ္ဓမ္ဗုဇ ဝိလောစနံ.

1. Having revered the Buddha, the lotus-eyed one, in three ways,

ဗာလာဝတာရံ ဘာသိဿံ, ဗာလာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓိဝုဒ္ဓိယာ.

I will set forth the Bālāvatāra for the increase of beginners' wisdom.

၁. သန္ဓိ ကဏ္ဍ

1. The Chapter on Sandhi

သညာ

Terminology

၂. အက္ခရာပါဒယော ဧကစတ္တာလီသံ.

2. The letters, beginning with 'a', are forty-one.

အက္ခရာပိ [Pg.6] အကာရာဒယော ဧကစတ္တာလီသံ သုတ္တန္တောပကာရာ. တံ ယထာ-အ အာ-ဣ ဤ-ဥ ဦ-ဧ ဩ, က ခ ဂ ဃ င, စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ဉ, ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ, တ ထ ဒ ဓ န, ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ, ယ ရ လ ဝ သ ဟ ဠ အံ-ဣတိ.

The letters, beginning with 'a', are forty-one, and are useful for the Suttas. They are as follows: a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o; ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa; ca, cha, ja, jha, ña; ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa; ta, tha, da, dha, na; pa, pha, ba, bha, ma; ya, ra, la, va, sa, ha, ḷa, aṃ.

၃. တတ္ထောဒန္တာသရာ အဋ္ဌ.

3. Among them, eight are vowels.

တတ္ထ [Pg.8] အက္ခရေသု ဩကာရန္တာ အဋ္ဌ သရာ နာမ. တတ္ထေတိ ဝတ္တတေ.

Among those letters, the eight ending with 'o' are called vowels. The word 'among them' is carried over from the rule.

၄. လဟုမတ္တာ တယော ရဿာ.

4. Three, having a light measure, are short.

တတ္ထ [Pg.9] သရေသု လဟုမတ္တာ အ, ဣ, ဥ ဣတိ တယော ရဿာ.

Among those vowels, the three with a light measure—a, i, u—are the short vowels.

၅. အညေ ဒီဃာ.

5. The others are long.

တတ္ထ [Pg.10] သရေသု ရဿေဟညေ ဒီဃာ.

Among those vowels, those other than the short ones are long.

သံယောဂတော ပုဗ္ဗေ ဧဩ ရဿာ ဣဝေါစ္စန္တေ, အနန္တရာ ဗျဉ္ဇနာ သံယောဂေါ. ဧတ္ထ, သေယျော, ဩဋ္ဌော, သောတ္ထိ.

Before a conjunct consonant, 'e' and 'o' are pronounced as if short. A conjunct consonant is a sequence of consonants without an intervening vowel. For example: seyyo, oṭṭho, sotthi.

၆. သေသာ ဗျဉ္ဇနာ.

6. The remaining are consonants.

သရေ [Pg.12] ဌပေတွာ သေသာ ကာဒယော နိဂ္ဂဟီတန္တာ ဗျဉ္ဇနာ.

Excluding the vowels, the remaining letters from 'ka' to the niggahīta are consonants.

၇. ဝဂ္ဂါ ပဉ္စပဉ္စသော မန္တာ.

7. The consonants up to 'm' are in groups of five.

ဗျဉ္ဇနာနံ [Pg.13] ကာဒယော မကာရန္တာ ပဉ္စပဉ္စသော အက္ခရဝန္တော ဝဂ္ဂါ.

Among the consonants, those from 'ka' to 'm' are the 'groups' (vaggas), each consisting of five letters.

၈. ဝဂ္ဂါနံ [Pg.16] ပဌမဒုတိယာ သော စာဃောသော. ဠန္တာညေ ဃောသာ. ဃောသာဃောသသညာ စ ‘‘ပရသမညာ ပယောဂေ’’တိ သင်္ဂဟီတာ. ဧဝံ လိင်္ဂ, သဗ္ဗနာမ, ပဒ, ဥပသဂ္ဂ, နိပါတ, တဒ္ဓိတ, အာချာတ, ကမ္မပ္ပဝစနီယာဒိသညာ စ.

8. Of the groups, the first and second letters, and 's', are voiceless. The others are voiced. The designations 'voiced' and 'voiceless' are included under 'conventional terms in usage.' Similarly, this applies to designations for gender, pronoun, word, prefix, particle, derivative, verb, postposition, and so on.

၉. အံဣတိ နိဂ္ဂဟီတံ.

9. The sound 'aṃ' is the niggahīta.

အံဣတိ [Pg.18] အကာရတော ပရံ ယော ဗိန္ဒု သူယတေ, တံ နိဂ္ဂဟီတံ နာမ.

The dot that is heard after the letter 'a' is called the niggahīta.

ဗိန္ဒု [Pg.19] စူဠာမဏာကာရော, နိဂ္ဂဟီတန္တိ ဝုစ္စတေ.

The dot, shaped like a crest-jewel, is called niggahīta.

ကေဝလဿာ ပ္ပယောဂတ္တာ, အကာရော သန္နိဓီယတေ.

Because it is not used by itself, the letter 'a' is supplied.

၁၀. အ, ကဝဂ္ဂ, ဟာ ကဏ္ဍဇာ, ဣ, စဝဂ္ဂ, ယာ တာလုဇာ, ဥ, ပဝဂ္ဂါ ဩဋ္ဌဇာ, ဋဝဂ္ဂ, ရ, ဠာ မုဒ္ဓဇာ, တဝဂ္ဂ, လ, သာ ဒန္တဇာ, ဧ ကဏ္ဌတာလုဇော, ဩ ကဏ္ဌောဋ္ဌဇော, ဝေါ ဒန္တောဋ္ဌဇော.

10. 'A', the 'ka' group, and 'ha' are guttural; 'i', the 'ca' group, and 'ya' are palatal; 'u', the 'pa' group are labial; the 'ṭa' group, 'ra', and 'ḷa' are cerebral; the 'ta' group, 'la', and 'sa' are dental; 'e' is guttural-palatal; 'o' is guttural-labial; 'va' is dental-labial.

သညာ

Terminology.

သရသန္ဓိ

Vowel Sandhi

၁၁. လောက [Pg.21] အဂ္ဂေါဣတျသ္မိံ – ‘‘ပုဗ္ဗမဓောဌိတ မဿရံ သရေန ဝိယောဇယေ’’တိ ပုဗ္ဗဗျဉ္ဇနံ သရတော ပုထက္ကာတဗ္ဗံ.

11. In the case of loka aggo: according to the rule 'Separate the preceding consonant below from its vowel,' the preceding consonant is to be separated from its vowel.

သရာ သရေ လောပံ.

A preceding vowel is elided when a vowel follows.

အနန္တရေ သရေ ပရေ သရာ လောပံ ပပ္ပောန္တိ.

When a vowel immediately follows, a preceding vowel is elided.

‘‘နရေ [Pg.22] ပရံ ယုတ္တေ’’တိ အဿရော ဗျဉ္ဇနော ပရက္ခရံ နေတဗ္ဗော လောကဂ္ဂေါ.

According to the rule 'The following letter should be joined to the vowelless one,' the vowelless consonant is to be joined to the following letter, resulting in lokaggo.

သရေတျသ္မိံ [Pg.24] ဩပသိလေသိကော ကာသသတ္တမီ, တတော ဝဏ္ဏကာလဗျဝဓာနေ ကာရိယံ န ဟောတိ. ယထာ-မံ အဟာ သီတိ, ‘‘ပမာဒမနုယုဉ္ဇန္တီ’’တျာဒိဂါထာယံ ‘ဇနာ အပ္ပမာဒ’န္တိ စ. ဧဝံ သဗ္ဗသန္ဓီသု.

In the rule, the locative case in 'sare' indicates immediate proximity. Therefore, the operation does not occur when there is an interval. For example, in maṃ ahāsi, and in the verse beginning 'pamādamanuyuñjanti,' between janā and appamāda. This applies to all sandhi rules.

အနန္တရံ ပရဿ သရဿ လောပံ ဝက္ခတိ, တသ္မာနေန ပုဗ္ဗဿ လောပေါ ဉာယတိ, တေနေဝ သတ္တမီနိဒ္ဒိဋ္ဌဿ ပရတာပိ ဂမျတေ.

He will later state the elision of the following vowel; therefore, by the present rule, the elision of the preceding vowel is to be understood. By that same token, it is understood that the word in the locative case refers to what follows.

၁၂. သရေတျဓိကာရော. [Pg.26] ပန ဣမေ ပန ဣမေတီဟ-သရာ လောပံ ဣတွေဝ.

12. The governing rule is 'when a vowel follows.' In pana ime, the rule 'a preceding vowel is elided' applies.

ဝါ ပရော အသရူပေါ.

Optionally, a following dissimilar vowel is elided.

အသမာနရူပါသရမှာ ပရော သရော ဝါ လုပျတေ, ပနမေ, ပနိမေ.

A vowel that follows a dissimilar vowel is optionally elided. For example: paname, panime.

၁၃. ဗန္ဓုဿ [Pg.27] ဣဝ, န ဥပေတီတီဓ –

13. In the cases bandhussa iva and na upeti:

ကွစာသဝဏ္ဏံ လုတ္တေ.

Sometimes, upon elision, a dissimilar vowel is substituted.

သရေ လုတ္တေ ပရသရဿ ကွစိ အသဝဏ္ဏော ဟောတီတိ ဣ ဥ ဣစ္စေတေသံ ဌာနာသန္နာ ဧ ဩ. ဗန္ဓုဿေဝ. နောပေတိ.

When a vowel is elided, the following vowel sometimes becomes a dissimilar vowel. Thus, 'e' and 'o' replace 'i' and 'u' respectively, due to proximity of articulation. For example: bandhusseva, nopeti.

၁၄. တတြ [Pg.29] အယံ, ယာနိ ဣဓ, ဗဟု ဥပကာရံ, သဒ္ဓါ ဣဓ, တထာ ဥပမန္တျေတသ္မိံ –

14. In the cases tatra ayaṃ, yāni idha, bahu upakāraṃ, saddhā idha, and tathā upamaṃ:

ဒီဃံ.

Lengthening.

သရေ လုတ္တေ ပရော သရော ကွစိ ဌာနာသန္နံ ဒီဃံ ယာတိ. တတြာယံ, ယာနီဓ, ဗဟူပကာရံ, သဒ္ဓီဓ, တထူပမံ.

When a vowel is elided, the following vowel is sometimes lengthened. For example: tatrāyaṃ, yānīdha, bahūpakāraṃ, saddhīdha, tathūpamaṃ.

၁၅. ကိံသု ဣဓေတျတြ –

15. In the case of kiṃsu idha—

ပုဗ္ဗော စ.

And the preceding.

သရေ လုတ္တေ ပုဗ္ဗော စ ကွစိ ဒီဃံ ယာတိ. ကိံ သူဓ.

When a following vowel is elided, the preceding vowel is sometimes lengthened. For example: kiṃ sūdha.

၁၆. တေ [Pg.30] အဇ္ဇ, တေ အဟံတေတ္ထ –

16. In the cases of te ajja, te ahaṃ, and te ettha—

ယမေဒန္တဿာဒေသော.

Substitution of 'y' for a final 'e'.

သရေ ပရေ အန္တဿ ဧကာရဿ ကွစိ ယော အာဒေသော ဟောတိ, တျဇ္ဇ, ‘‘ဒီဃ’’န္တိ ဗျဉ္ဇနေ ပရေ ကွစိ ဒီဃော, တျာဟံ.

When a vowel follows, a final 'e' is sometimes substituted by 'y'; for example, tyajja. By the rule 'dīghaṃ', it is sometimes lengthened before a consonant, as in tyāhaṃ.

ကွစီတိ ကိံ. နေတ္ထ.

Why 'sometimes'? For example, in nettha.

၁၇. သော [Pg.33] အဿ, အနု ဧတိတျေတ္ထ –

17. In the cases of so assa and anu eti—

ဝမောဒုဒန္တာနံ.

Substitution of 'v' for final 'o' and 'u'.

သရေ ပရေ အန္တော ကာရုကာရာနံ ကွစိ ဝေါ အာဒေသော ဟောတိ. သွဿ, အနွေတိ.

When a vowel follows, a final 'o' or 'u' is sometimes substituted by 'v'. For example: svassa, anveti.

ကွစီတိ ကိံ. တယဿု, သမေတာယသ္မာ.

Why 'sometimes'? For example, in tayassu, sametāyasmā.

၁၈. ဣဓ [Pg.34] အဟံ တီဓ –

18. In the case of idha ahaṃ—

ဒေါ ဓဿ စ.

And substitution of 'd' for 'dh'.

သရေ ပရေ ဓဿ ကွစိ ဒေါ ဟောတိ. ဒီဃေ – ဣဒါဟံ. ကွစီတိ ကိံ. ဣဓေဝ. စကာရေန ဗျဉ္ဇနေပိ, ဣဓ ဘိက္ခဝေ.

When a vowel follows, 'dh' sometimes becomes 'd'. With lengthening: idāhaṃ. Why 'sometimes'? For example, in idheva. By the word 'ca', this also applies before a consonant; for example, idha, bhikkhave.

၁၉. ပတိ အန္တုံ, ဝုတ္တိ အဿေတီဟ –

19. In the cases of paṭi antaṃ and vutti assa—

ဣဝဏ္ဏော ယန္နဝါ.

The vowel 'i' optionally becomes 'y'.

သရေ ပရေ ဣဝဏ္ဏဿ ယော နဝါ ဟောတိ. ကတ ယကာရဿ တိဿ ‘‘သဗ္ဗော စန္တီ’’တိ ကွစိ စာဒေသေ ‘‘ပရဒွေဘာဝေါ ဌာနေ’’တိ သရတော ပရဗျဉ္ဇနဿ ဌာနာသန္နဝသာ ဒွိတ္တံ. ပစ္စန္တံ, ဝုတျဿ.

When a vowel follows, the vowel 'i' is optionally substituted by 'y'. For the 't' that now precedes this 'y', 'c' is sometimes substituted by the rule 'sabbo caṃ ti'. Then, by the rule 'paradvebhāvo ṭhāne', the consonant following the vowel is doubled according to its place of articulation. For example: paccantaṃ, vutyassa.

နဝါတိ ကိံ. ပဋဂ္ဂိ,

Why 'optionally'? For example, paṭaggi.

ဧတ္ထ ‘‘ကွစိ ပဋိ ပတိဿေ’’တိ ပတိဿ ပဋိ, ဝဏ္ဏဂ္ဂဟဏံ သဗ္ဗတ္ထ ရဿဒီဃ သင်္ဂဟဏတ္ထံ.

Here, by the rule 'kvaci paṭi patissa,' 'paṭi' is for 'pati.' The term 'vowel' is used to include both short and long vowels everywhere.

၂၀. ယထာ [Pg.36] ဧဝေတီဟ –

20. In the case of yathā eva—

ဧဝါဒိဿ ရိ ပုဗ္ဗော စ ရဿော.

The beginning of 'eva' becomes 'ri', and the preceding vowel is shortened.

သရတော ပရဿ ဧဝဿာဒိဧကာရော ရိတ္တံ နဝါ ယာတိ. ပုဗ္ဗော စ ဌာနာသန္နံ ရဿံ. ယထရိဝ. ယထေဝ.

When following a vowel, the initial 'e' of 'eva' is optionally substituted by 'ri', and the preceding vowel is shortened. For example: yathariva. The alternative is yatheva.

၂၁. န [Pg.37] ဣမဿ, တိ အင်္ဂိကံ, လဟု ဧဿတိ, အတ္ထ အတ္ထံ, ဣတော အာယတိ, တသ္မာ ဣဟ, သဗ္ဘိ ဧဝ, ဆ အဘိညာ, ပုထ ဧဝ, ပါ ဧဝတီဟ ဝါ တွေဝ –

21. In the cases of na imassa, ti aṅgikaṃ, lahu essati, attha atthaṃ, ito āyati, tasmā iha, sabbhi eva, cha abhiññā, puthu eva, and pā eva, the following rules apply optionally—

ယ ဝ မ ဒ န တ ရ ဠာ စာဂမာ.

'y, v, m, d, n, t, r, ḷ' are intrusive consonants.

သရေ ပရေ ယာဒယော အာဂမာ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ, စကာရေန ဂေါ စ. နယိမဿ, တိဝင်္ဂိကံ, လဟုမေဿတိ, အတ္တဒတ္ထံ, ဣတောနာယတိ, တသ္မာတိဟ, သဗ္ဘိရေဝ, ဆဠဘိဉာ, ပုထဂေဝ, ‘‘ရဿ’’န္တိ ဗျဉ္ဇနေ ပရေ ကွစိ ရဿော. ပဂေဝ.

When a vowel follows, the consonants 'y', etc., are optionally inserted; and by the word 'ca', 'g' is also included. For example: nayimassa, tivaṅgikaṃ, lahumessati, attadatthaṃ, itonāyati, tasmātiha, sabbhireva, chaḷabhiññā, puthageva. By the rule 'rassaṃ,' the vowel is sometimes shortened before a consonant, as in pageva.

ဝါတိ ကိံ. ဆ အဘိညာ, ပုထ ဧဝ, ပါ ဧဝ.

Why 'optionally'? For example, in cha abhiññā, puthu eva, pā eva.

ဧတ္ထ ‘‘သရေ ကွစီ’’တိ သရာနံ ပကတိ ဟောတိ, သဿရူပမေဝ, န ဝိကာရောတျတ္ထော.

Here, by the rule 'sare kvaci,' the vowels sometimes remain in their natural state, meaning they retain their own form without alteration.

၂၂. အဘိ [Pg.39] ဥဂ္ဂတောတျတြ –

22. In the case of abhi uggato—

‘‘အဗ္ဘော အဘီ’’တိ အဘိဿ အဗ္ဘော. အဗ္ဘုဂ္ဂတော.

By the rule 'abbho abhi,' 'abhi' becomes 'abbho'. For example: abbhuggato.

သရသန္ဓိ

Vowel Sandhi

ဗျဉ္ဇနသန္ဓိ

Consonant Sandhi

၂၃. ဗျဉ္ဇနေတျဓိကာရော. ကွစီတွေဝ. သော ဘိက္ခု, ကစ္စိ နု တွံ, ဇာနေမ တန္တီဟ –

23. Here follows the section on consonants. And only sometimes. [As in the examples:] so bhikkhu, kacci nu tvaṃ, jānema taṃ iha—

လောပဉ္စ တတြာကာရော.

And elision, and in that place the letter a.

ဗျဉ္ဇနေ ပရေ သရာနံ ကွစိ လောပေါဟောတိ, တတြ လုတ္တေ ဌာနေ အကာရာဂမော, စကာရေန ဩကာရုကာရာပိ. သဘိက္ခု ကစ္စိနော တွံ, ဇာနေမု တံ.

When a consonant follows, there is sometimes elision of a vowel; in the place of the elided vowel, the letter a is inserted. By the word ca, the letters o and u are also inserted. [The results are:] sabhikkhu, kaccino tvaṃ, jānemu taṃ.

ကွစီတိ ကိံ, သောမုနိ.

Why 'sometimes'? [As in] so muni.

၂၄. ဥဃောသော[Pg.40], အာခါတန္တီဟ – ဒွေဘာဝေ ဌာနေ ဣတွေဝ.

24. [In the case of] udghoso and ākhātaṃ here—only in the place of a pair.

ဝဂ္ဂေ ဃောသာဃောသာနံ တတိယပဌမာ.

Of the voiced and unvoiced consonants in a class, the third and first [are substituted respectively].

ဝဂ္ဂေ ဃောသာဃောသာနံ စတုတ္ထဒုတိယာနံ တဗ္ဗဂ္ဂေ တတိယပဌမာ ဟောန္တိ ယထာသင်္ချံ ယုတ္တေ ဌာနေ, ဥဂ္ဃောသော, ရဿေ အက္ခာတံ.

In a class, for the fourth and second voiced and unvoiced consonants, the third and first consonants of that class are substituted respectively in the appropriate place. [Examples:] ugghoso; when a short vowel precedes, akkhātaṃ.

၂၅. ပရ [Pg.41] သဟဿံ, အတိပ္ပခေါတီဟ – ‘‘ကွစိ ဩ ဗျဉ္ဇနေ’’တိ ဩကာရာဂမော. ပရောသဟဿံ. ဂါဂမေ စ, အတိပ္ပဂေါခေါ.

25. [In] para sahassaṃ and atippakho here—by the rule 'sometimes o before a consonant,' there is insertion of o, [giving] parosahassaṃ. And with the insertion of g, [it becomes] atippagokho.

၂၆. အဝ နဒ္ဓါတျတြ – ‘‘ဩ အဝဿေ’’တိ ကွစိ အဝဿ ဩ. ဩနဒ္ဓါ.

26. Here in ava naddha—by the rule 'o for ava necessarily,' ava sometimes becomes o. [Result:] onaddhā.

ကွစီတိ ကိံ. အဝသုဿတု.

Why 'sometimes'? [As in] avasussatu.

ဗျဉ္ဇနသန္ဓိ.

Consonant Sandhi.

နိဂ္ဂဟီတသန္ဓိ

Niggahīta Sandhi

၂၇. နိဂ္ဂဟီတန္တျဓိကာရော[Pg.42]. ကိံ ကတော, သံ ဇာတော, သံ ဌိတော, တံ ဓနံ, တံ မိတ္တန္တိဟ –

27. Here follows the section on the Niggahīta. [As in the examples:] kiṃ kato, saṃ jāto, saṃ ṭhito, taṃ dhanaṃ, taṃ mittaṃ here—

ဝဂ္ဂန္တံ ဝါ ဝဂ္ဂေ.

Optionally the nasal of the class when a class-consonant follows.

ဝဂ္ဂဗျဉ္ဇနေ ပရေ ဗိန္ဒုဿ တဗ္ဗဂ္ဂန္တော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ကိင်္ကတော, သဉ္ဇာတော, သဏ္ဌိတော, တန္ဓနံ, တမ္မိတ္တံ.

When a class-consonant follows, the bindu optionally becomes the nasal of that class. [Examples:] kiṅkato, sañjāto, saṇṭhito, tandhanaṃ, tammittaṃ.

ဝါတိ ကိံ. န တံ ကမ္မံ.

Why 'optionally'? [As in] na taṃ kammaṃ.

ဝါကာရေနေဝ လေ လော စ. ပုလ္လိင်္ဂံ.

And by the word vā, also before l, [the niggahīta becomes l]. [Example:] pulliṅgaṃ.

၂၈. ဝါတျဓိကာရော[Pg.43]. ဧဝံ အဿ, ဧတံ အဝေါစေတီဟ –

28. Here follows the section on optional rules. [As in:] evaṃ assa, etaṃ avoca here—

မဒါ သရေ.

m and d before a vowel.

သရေ ပရေ ဗိန္ဒုနော မ ဒါ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ. ဧဝမဿ, ဧတဒဝေါစ.

When a vowel follows, the bindu optionally becomes m or d. [Examples:] evamassa, etadavoca.

ဝါတိ ကိံ. မံ အဇိနိ.

Why 'optionally'? [As in] maṃ ajini.

၂၉. တံ ဧဝ, တံ ဟီတီဟ –

29. [In] taṃ eva and taṃ hi here—

ဧဟေဉံ.

ñ for ṃ before e and hi.

ဧကာရေ, ဟေ စ ပရေ ဗိန္ဒုနော ဉော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ဒွိတ္တေ – တညေဝ, တမေဝ. တဉှိ, တံ ဟိ.

When e or hi follows, the bindu optionally becomes ñ. With doubling: taññeva, tameva. [Also:] tañhi, taṃ hi.

၃၀. သံယောဂေါတီဟ –

30. [In] saṃyogo here—

သယေ စ.

And with y.

ယကာရေ ပရေ တေန သဟ ဗိန္ဒုနော ဉော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ဒွိတ္တေ – သညောဂေါ, သံယောဂေါ.

When y follows, the bindu together with it optionally becomes ñ. With doubling: saññogo, saṃyogo.

၃၁. စက္ခု အနိစ္စံ, အဝ သိရောတီဟ - အာဂမော, ကွစိတွေဝ.

31. [In] cakkhu aniccaṃ and ava siro here—insertion, and only sometimes.

နိဂ္ဂဟီတဉ္စ.

And of a niggahīta.

သရေ, ဗျဉ္ဇနေ ဝါ ပရေ ကွစိ ဗိန္ဒွါဂမော ဟောတိ. စက္ခုံအနိစ္စံ, အဝံသိရော.

When a vowel or a consonant follows, there is sometimes the insertion of a bindu. Examples: `cakkhuṃaniccaṃ`, `avaṃsiro`.

၃၂. ဝိဒူနံ [Pg.44] အဂ္ဂံ, တာသံ အဟံတီဟ –

32. In `vidūnaṃ aggaṃ` and `tāsaṃ ahaṃ` here—

‘‘ကွစိ လောပံ’’တိ သရေ ဗိန္ဒုလောပေါ, ဝိဒူနဂ္ဂံ. ဒီဃေတာသာဟံ.

By the rule 'sometimes elision,' there is elision of the bindu before a vowel, giving `vidūnaggaṃ`. With lengthening: `tāsāhaṃ`.

၃၃. ဗုဒ္ဓါနံ သာသနံ, သံ ရာဂေါတီဟ –

33. In `buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ` and `saṃ rāgo` here—

‘‘ဗျဉ္ဇနေ စေ’’တိ ဗိန္ဒုလောပေါ, ဗုဒ္ဓါနသာသနံ. ဒီဃေသာရာဂေါ.

By the rule 'and before a consonant,' there is elision of the bindu, giving `buddhānasāsanaṃ`. With lengthening: `sārāgo`.

၃၄. ဗီဇံ ဣဝေတီဟ –

34. In `bījaṃ iva` here—

ပရော ဝါ သရော.

Or the following vowel.

ဗိန္ဒုတော ပရော သရော ဝါ လုပျတေ, ဗီဇံဝ.

A vowel following a bindu is optionally elided. Example: `bījaṃva`.

၃၅. ဧဝံ အဿေတီဟ –

35. In `evaṃ assa` here—

ဗျဉ္ဇနော စ ဝိသညောဂေါ.

And the consonant is disjoined.

ဗိန္ဒုတော ပရေ သရေ လုတ္တေ သံယောဂေါ ဗျဉ္ဇနော ဝိနဋ္ဌသံယောဂေါ ဟောတီတိ ပုဗ္ဗသလောပေါ. ဧဝံသ.

When the vowel following a bindu is elided, a consonant that was in conjunction becomes disjoined; thus, there is elision of the preceding consonant of the pair. Example: `evaṃsa`.

နိဂ္ဂဟီတသန္ဓိ.

Niggahīta Sandhi

ဝေါမိဿက သန္ဓီ

Miscellaneous Sandhi

၃၆. အနုပဒိဋ္ဌာနံ ဝုတ္တယောဂတော.

36. For cases not specified, the result is known from the application of what has been stated.

ဣဓာနိဒ္ဒိဋ္ဌာ [Pg.45] သန္ဓယော ဝုတ္တာနုသာရေန ဉေ ယျာ, ယထာ – ယဒိ ဧဝံ, ဗောဓိ အင်္ဂါတီဟ – ယာဒေသေ ဣမိနာ သုတ္တေန ဒယကာရသံယောဂဿ ဇော, ဓယကာရသံယောဂဿ ဈော, ဒွိတ္တေ – ယဇ္ဇေဝံ, ဗောဇ္ဈင်္ဂါ.

Here, sandhis not specified should be understood according to what has been stated. For example, in `yadi evaṃ` and `bodhi aṅgā` here—with the substitution of `y`, by this rule the conjunction of `d`+`y` becomes `jj`, and the conjunction of `dh`+`y` becomes `jjh`; with doubling: `yajjevaṃ`, `bojjhaṅgā`.

၃၇. အသဒိသသံယောဂေ [Pg.46] ဧကသရူပတာ စ.

37. And assimilation in dissimilar conjunctions.

ပရိ ဧသနာတီဟ – ယာဒေသေ ရကာရဿ ယော, ပယျေသ နာ.

In `pari esanā` here—with the substitution of `y`, the letter `r` becomes `y`, giving `payyesanā`.

၃၈. ဝဏ္ဏာနံ [Pg.47] ဗဟုတ္တံ, ဝိပရီတတာ စ.

38. And the addition and transposition of letters.

သရတိ, ဣတိ ဧဝ, သာ ဣတ္ထီ, ဗုသံ ဧဝ, ဗဟု အာဗာဓော, အဓိ အဘဝိ, သုခံ, ဒုက္ခံ, ဇီဝေါတီဟ –

In the cases of `sarati`, `iti eva`, `sā itthī`, `busaṃ eva`, `bahu ābādho`, `adhi abhavi`, `sukhaṃ`, `dukkhaṃ`, `jīvo` here—

မာဂမော သကာရေ အကာရဿ ဥ စ, သုမရတိ.

There is insertion of `m` before `s`, and `u` for `a`, giving `sumarati`.

ဣဿ ဝေါ, ဣတွေဝ.

`i` becomes `v`, giving `itveva`.

ပရလောပေ အာကာရဿ ဩ, သောတ္ထီ.

With elision of the following vowel, `ā` becomes `o`, giving `sotthī`.

မာဒေသေ[Pg.48], ပုဗ္ဗဒီဃေ စ ဧကာရဿ ဣ. ဗုသာမိဝ.

With the substitution of `m`, and with lengthening of the preceding vowel, `e` becomes `i`, giving `busāmiva`.

ဝါဒေသေ ဟဝကာရဝိပရိယယော. ဗဟွာဗာဓော.

With the substitution of `v`, there is transposition of the letters `h` and `v`. Example: `bahvābādho`.

အဓိဿ ကွစိ အဒ္ဓေါ, ဒီဃေ-အဒ္ဓါဘဝိ.

Sometimes `adhi` becomes `addh`; with lengthening: `addhābhavi`.

ဗိန္ဒုနော, ဩကာရဿ စ ဧ. သုခေ, ဒုက္ခေ, ဇီဝေ.

For the bindu and for the vowel `o`, `e` is substituted. Examples: `sukhe`, `dukkhe`, `jīve`.

၃၉. ရဒါနံ [Pg.50] ဠော, ပဋိဗောဓော, ပရိဠာဟော.

39. `r` and `d` become `ḷ`. Examples: `paṭibodho`, `pariḷāho`.

၄၀. သရေ, ဗျဉ္ဇနေ ဝါ ပရေ ဗိန္ဒုနော ကွစိ မော. မမ အဘာသိ, ဗုဒ္ဓမ သရဏံ, ပုဗ္ဗေ မော ပရံ န နေတဗ္ဗော အယုတ္တတ္တာ.

40. When a vowel or consonant follows, the bindu sometimes becomes `m`. Examples: `mama abhāsi`, `buddhama saraṇaṃ`. The `m` of the preceding word should not be joined to the following word, as it is improper.

၄၁. ဗိန္ဒုတော ပရသရာန မညဿရတာပိ.

41. Vowels following a bindu may also be changed to another vowel.

တံ ဣမိနာ, ဧဝံ ဣမံ, ကိံ အဟံ တီဟ-ဣဿ အ. တဒမိနာ.

In `taṃ iminā`, `evaṃ imaṃ`, `kiṃ ahaṃ` here—`i` becomes `a`. Example: `tadaminā`.

ဣဿ ဥ, အကာရဿ စ ဧ, ဗိန္ဒုလောပါဒေါ. ဧဝုမံ, ကေဟံ.

`i` becomes `u`, and `a` becomes `e`, with elision of the bindu, etc. [Examples:] `evumaṃ` (from `evaṃ imaṃ`), `kehaṃ` (from `kiṃ ahaṃ`).

၄၂. ဝါကျသုခုစ္စာရဏတ္ထံ, ဆန္ဒဟာနိတ္ထဉ္စ ဝဏ္ဏလောပေါပိ.

42. Elision of letters also occurs for the sake of easy utterance and to avoid spoiling the meter.

ပဋိသင်္ခါယ ယောနိသောတီဟ – ပုဗ္ဗယလောပေါ, ပဋိသင်္ခါယောနိသော.

[In] `paṭisaṅkhāya yoniso` here—there is elision of the preceding `y`, [giving] `paṭisaṅkhāyoniso`.

၄၃. အလာဗူနိတျာဒေါ [Pg.51] အကာရလောပေါ. လာဗူနိ သီဒန္တိ, သိလာ ပ္လဝန္တိ.

43. In `alābūni` and so on, there is elision of the vowel `a`. [As in the saying:] `lābūni sīdanti, silā plavanti` (Gourds sink, stones float).

၄၄. ဝုတျဘေဒါယ ဝိကာရောပိ.

44. For the sake of the meter, alteration also occurs.

အကရမှသေ တေတျာဒေါ သကာရေ ဂရုနော ဧကာရဿ ဣမိနာ လဟုအကာရော, အကရမှသ တေ ကိစ္စံ.

In `akaramhase te` and so on, the heavy vowel `e` before `s` becomes a light `a` by this rule. [Example:] `akaramhasa te kiccaṃ`.

၄၅. အက္ခရနိယမော [Pg.52] ဆန္ဒံ, ဂရုလဟုနိယမော ဘဝေ ဝုတ္တိ,

45. The regulation of syllables is meter (`chanda`); the regulation of heavy and light syllables is prosody (`vutti`).

ဒီဃော, သံယောဂါဒိပုဗ္ဗော ရဿော စ ဂရု, လဟု တု ရဿော. ယထာ- အာ, အဿ, အံ, အ.

A long syllable is heavy; a short syllable is also heavy when followed by a consonant cluster or a niggahīta. A short syllable standing alone is light. For example: `ā` (heavy), `assa` (heavy), `aṃ` (heavy), `a` (light).

၄၆.

46.

ဧဝမညာပိ [Pg.53] ဝိညေယျာ, သံဟိတာ တန္တိယာ ဟိတာ;

သံဟိတာတိ စ ဝဏ္ဏာနံ, သန္နိဓဗျဝဓာနတော.

Thus other beneficial rules for the system of sandhi should also be understood. And `saṃhitā` (sandhi) is so called from the proximity and non-separation of letters.

ဝေါမိဿကသန္ဓိ.

Miscellaneous Sandhi.

၂. နာမကဏ္ဍ

2. The Chapter on Nouns

ပုလ္လိင်္ဂ

Masculine Gender

၄၇. ‘‘ဇိနဝစနယုတ္တံ [Pg.55] ဟီ’’တိ သဗ္ဗတ္ထာဓိကာရော.

47. “‘Connected with the speech of the Conqueror’—this is the governing rule throughout.

လိင်္ဂဉ္စ နိပစ္စတေ.

And the nominal stem is derived.

ဓာတုပ္ပစ္စယဝိဘတ္တိဝဇ္ဇိတမတ္ထယုတ္တံ သဒ္ဒရူပံ လိင်္ဂံ နာမ, ဇိနဝစနယောဂ္ဂံ လိင်္ဂံ ဣဓ ဌပီယတိ နိပ္ဖာဒီယတိ စ.

A word-form endowed with meaning, but devoid of root, suffix, and inflection, is called a nominal stem. Here, a nominal stem suitable for the speech of the Conqueror is established and derived.

၄၈. ဗုဒ္ဓဣတိ [Pg.56] ဌိတေ –

48. Given the stem ‘Buddha’—

တတော စ ဝိဘတ္တိယော.

And after that, the inflections.

တသ္မာ လိင်္ဂါ ပရာ ဝိဘတ္တိယော ဟောန္တိ. စကာရေန တာသံ ဧကဝစနာဒိပဌမာဒိသညာ စ.

Therefore, inflections come after the nominal stems. And by the particle ‘ca,’ their designations as singular, etc., and first [case], etc., [are also introduced].

‘‘သိ ယော အံ ယော နာ ဟိ သ နံ သ္မာ ဟိ သ နံ သ္မိံ သူ’’ တိ ဝိဘတ္တိယော. သိ ယော ဣတိ ပဌမာ, အံ ယော ဣတိ ဒုတိယာ, နာ ဟိ ဣတိ တတိယာ, သ နံ ဣတိ စတုတ္ထီ, သ္မာ ဟိ ဣတိ ပဉ္စမီ, သ နံ ဣတိ ဆဋ္ဌီ, သ္မိံ သု ဣတိ သတ္တမီ.

‘Si, yo, aṃ, yo, nā, hi, sa, naṃ, smā, hi, sa, naṃ, smiṃ, sū’ are the inflections. Si, yo is the first [set]; aṃ, yo is the second; nā, hi is the third; sa, naṃ is the fourth; smā, hi is the fifth; sa, naṃ is the sixth; smiṃ, su is the seventh.

လိင်္ဂတ္ထေ ပဌမာ.

In the sense of the nominal stem, the first [inflection is used].

ယော [Pg.59] ကမ္မကတ္တာဒိဝတ္တန္တရမပ္ပတ္တော သဿရူပဋ္ဌော သုဒ္ဓေါ, သော လိင်္ဂတ္ထော နာမ, တဿာဘိဓာနမတ္တေ ပဌမာဝိဘတ္တိ ဟောတိ. တဿာပနိယမေ ဧကမှိ ဝတ္တဗ္ဗေ ဧကဝစနံ သိ, ဝုစ္စတေ နေနေတိဝစနံ, ဧကဿတ္ထဿ ဝစနံ ဧကဝစနံ. ဧဝံ ဗဟုဝစနံ.

That which is pure, established in its own form, and has not attained another state such as object or agent, is called the meaning of the nominal stem. To merely designate it, the first inflection is used. When it is unspecified, to denote one, the singular ‘si’ is used. That by which it is expressed is a ‘vacana’ (number). The expression of a single thing is the singular number (ekavacana). Similarly for the plural number (bahuvacana).

အတောတွေဝ.

From an a-stem...

သော.

So.

အကာရန္တာ [Pg.60] ပရဿ သိဿ ဩ ဟောတိ.

After a stem ending in ‘a,’ ‘si’ becomes ‘o’.

သရလောပေါ မာဒေသပ္ပစ္စယာဒိမှိ သရလောပေ တု ပကတိ.

Elision of a vowel [occurs] before a substitute or suffix beginning with a vowel; but when a vowel is elided, the result is the natural form.

အံအာဒီသု ပရေသု သရဿ လောပေါ ဟောတိ, တသ္မိံ ကတေ တု ကွစာဒိနာ အသဝဏ္ဏေ ပတ္တေ ပကတိ ဟောတိ.

When ‘aṃ,’ etc., follow, the [preceding] vowel is elided. But when this is done, if a dissimilar vowel is occasioned by a rule like ‘kvaci,’ etc., the form remains natural.

နယေ [Pg.61] ပရံ ယုတ္တေ. ဧဝမုပရိ သရလောပါဒိ. ဗုဒ္ဓေါ.

The subsequent [vowel] should be joined according to the rule. Thus, hereafter, [there will be] vowel elision and so on. [Result:] Buddho.

ဗဟုမှိ ဝတ္တဗ္ဗေ ဗဟုဝစနံ ယော.

When many are to be expressed, the plural inflection ‘yo’ [is used].

အတော ဝါတွေဝ.

From an a-stem, optionally...

သဗ္ဗယောနီနမာဧ.

Ā and e for all yos.

အကာရန္တာ ပရေသံ ပဌမဒုတိယာယောနီနံ ယထာသင်္ချံ အာဧ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ. ဗုဒ္ဓါ.

After a-stems, for the ‘yo’ of the first and second inflections, ‘ā’ and ‘e’ are optionally the respective substitutes. Example: Buddhā.

ဝါတိ ကိံ. အဂ္ဂယော.

Why the word ‘optionally’? Example: Aggayo.

၄၉. လိင်္ဂတ္ထေ [Pg.62] ပဌမာတွေဝ.

49. The first inflection is used in the sense of the nominal stem...

အာလပနေ စ.

And in the vocative.

အဘိမုခီကရဏမာလပနံ, တဒဓိကေ လိင်္ဂတ္ထေ ပဌမာ ဟောတိ.

The vocative is the act of addressing. When this is additional to the meaning of the nominal stem, the first inflection is used.

‘‘အာလပနေ သိ ဂသညော’’တိ သိဿ ဂသညာ. ဂေဣတွေဝ.

By the rule ‘In the vocative, si is designated ga,’ ‘si’ has the designation ‘ga’. Following ‘ge’...

အကာရာ ပိတာဒျန္တာနမာ.

For the vowel ‘a’ and for the final of ‘pitu,’ etc., ‘ā’ is the substitute.

ဂေ ပရေ အကာရော ပိတုသတ္ထုအတ္တရာဇာဒီနမန္တော စ အာတ္တံ ယာတိ.

When ‘ge’ follows, the vowel ‘a’ and the final vowel of stems such as ‘pitu,’ ‘satthu,’ ‘atta,’ and ‘rāja’ become ‘ā’.

‘‘အာကာရော ဝါ’’တိ ဂေ ပရေ အာကာရဿ ရဿော ဝါ.

By the rule ‘The vowel ā is optionally shortened,’ when ‘ge’ follows, ‘ā’ is optionally shortened.

သေသတော လောပံ ဂသီပိ.

Elision of ‘ga’ and ‘si’ after the remaining stems.

သော သိံ သျာ စ သခါတော ဂဿေဝါတျာဒိနိဒ္ဒိဋ္ဌေဟညေ အဝဏ္ဏိဝဏ္ဏုဝဏ္ဏောကာရန္တာ သေသာ, တေဟိ ပရေ ဂသီ လုပျန္တေ. ဟေ - ဗုဒ္ဓ, ဗုဒ္ဓါ. ယော - ဗုဒ္ဓါ.

The remaining stems are those ending in the vowels a, i, u, and o, other than those specified by rules such as ‘So siṃ syā ca’ and ‘sakhāto gasseva.’ After these, ‘ga’ and ‘si’ are elided. Examples: he buddha, he buddhā. Plural ‘yo’: buddhā.

၅၀. ကမ္မတ္ထေ ဒုတိယာ.

50. In the sense of the object, the second inflection is used.

ယံ [Pg.63] ကရောတိ, တံ ကမ္မံ နာမ. တတ္ထ ဒုတိယာ ဟောတိ. အံဗုဒ္ဓံ. ယောဿ ဧ-ဗုဒ္ဓေ.

What one acts upon is called the object. In that sense, the second inflection is used. Singular ‘aṃ’: buddhaṃ. Plural ‘yo’ becomes ‘e’: buddhe.

၅၁. တတိယာတွေဝ.

51. The third inflection...

ကတ္တရိ စ.

And in the sense of the agent.

ယော ကရောတိ, သ ကတ္တာ နာမ. တတ္ထ တတိယာ ဟောတိ. နာ.

The one who acts is called the agent. In that sense, the third inflection is used. Example with ‘nā’.

အတော နေန.

After an a-stem, ‘ena’ is the substitute for ‘nā’.

အကာရာ ပရော နာ ဧနံ ယာတိ. ဗုဒ္ဓေန.

After the letter ‘a,’ ‘nā’ becomes ‘ena.’ Example: Buddhena.

ဟိ.

The inflection ‘hi’.

သုဟိသွကာရော ဧ.

Before ‘su’ and ‘hi,’ the vowel ‘a’ becomes ‘e’.

သုဟိသု [Pg.64] ပရေသွကာရဿ ဧ ဟောတိ.

When ‘su’ or ‘hi’ follow, the vowel ‘a’ becomes ‘e’.

သ္မာဟိသ္မိန္နံ မှာဘိမှိ ဝါ.

For ‘smā,’ ‘hi,’ and ‘smiṃ,’ the substitutes are optionally ‘mhā,’ ‘bhi,’ and ‘mhi’.

သဗ္ဗသဒ္ဒေဟိ ပရေသံ သ္မာဟိသ္မိန္နံ ယထာသင်္ချံ မှာဘိမှိဣစ္စေတေ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ. ဗုဒ္ဓေဘိ, ဗုဒ္ဓေဟိ.

After all stems, for ‘smā,’ ‘hi,’ and ‘smiṃ,’ the substitutes are optionally ‘mhā,’ ‘bhi,’ and ‘mhi’ respectively. Examples: Buddhebhi, buddhehi.

၅၂. ကရဏေ တတိယာ.

52. In the sense of the instrument, the third inflection is used.

ယေန [Pg.65] ဝါ ကယိရတေ, တံ ကရဏံ နာမ. တတ္ထ တတိယာ ဟောတိ. သဗ္ဗံ ကတ္တုသမံ.

That by which something is done is called the instrument. In that sense, the third inflection is used. All forms are like those of the agent.

၅၃. သမ္ပဒါနေ စတုတ္ထီ.

53. In the sense of the recipient, the fourth inflection is used.

ယဿ ဒါတုကာမော ရောစတေ, ဓာရယတေ ဝါ, တံ သမ္ပဒါနံ နာမ. တတ္ထ စတုတ္ထီ ဟောတိ. သ.

He to whom one wishes to give, to whom something is pleasing, or to whom one is indebted, is called the recipient. In that sense, the fourth inflection is used. Example with ‘sa’.

အတော ဝါတွေဝ.

After an a-stem, optionally...

အာယ စတုတ္ထေကဝစနဿ တု.

But ‘āya’ is the substitute for the fourth singular inflection.

အကာရာ ပရဿ စတုတ္ထေကဝစနဿ အာယော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ဗုဒ္ဓါယ.

After an a-stem, for the fourth singular inflection, ‘āya’ is an optional substitute. Example: Buddhāya.

‘‘သာဂမော [Pg.66] သေ’’တိ သေ သကာရာဂမော. ဗုဒ္ဓဿ. နံ.

‘Sāgamo se.’ Thus, ‘se’ takes the augment ‘sa.’ Example: Buddhassa. Next inflection: Naṃ.

ဒီဃန္တွေဝ.

Lengthening.

သုနံဟိသု စ.

And before ‘su,’ ‘naṃ,’ and ‘hi’.

သုနံဟိသု ပရေသု သရာဒီနံ ဒီဃော ဟောတိ. စသဒ္ဒေန ကွစိ န. ဗုဒ္ဓါနံ.

When ‘su,’ ‘naṃ,’ or ‘hi’ follow, the preceding vowel is lengthened. By the word ‘ca,’ this is sometimes not so. Example: Buddhānaṃ.

၅၄. အပါဒါနေ ပဉ္စမီ.

54. In the sense of the ablative, the fifth inflection is used.

ယသ္မာဒပေတိ, ဘယမာဒတ္တေ ဝါ, တဒပါဒါနံ နာမ, တတ္ထ ပဉ္စမီ ဟောတိ. သ္မာ.

That from which one moves away, or from which one conceives fear, is called the ablative. In that sense, the fifth inflection is used. Smā.

အတော အာဧတွေဝ.

From an a-stem, ā and e.

၅၅. သ္မာသ္မိန္နံ ဝါ.

55. Optionally for ‘smā’ and ‘smiṃ’.

အကာရာ ပရေသံ သ္မာသ္မိန္နံ အာဧ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ. ဗုဒ္ဓါ, ဗုဒ္ဓမှာ, ဗုဒ္ဓသ္မာ. ဗုဒ္ဓေဘိ, ဗုဒ္ဓေဟိ.

After an a-stem, for ‘smā’ and ‘smiṃ,’ ‘ā’ and ‘e’ are optional substitutes. Examples: Buddhā, buddhamhā, buddhasmā. Buddhebhi, buddhehi.

၅၆. သာမိသ္မိံ ဆဋ္ဌီ.

56. In the sense of owner, the sixth inflection is used.

ယဿ [Pg.67] ဝါ ပရိဂ္ဂဟော, တံ သာမီ နာမ. တတ္ထ ဆဋ္ဌီ ဟောတိ. ဗုဒ္ဓဿ. ဗုဒ္ဓါနံ.

That which is someone's possession is called the owner. In that sense, the sixth inflection is used. Examples: Buddhassa. Buddhānaṃ.

၅၇. ဩကာသေ သတ္တမီ.

57. In the sense of location, the seventh inflection is used.

ယောဓာရော, တမောကာသံ နာမ. တတ္ထ သတ္တမီ ဟောတိ. သ္မိံ-ဗုဒ္ဓေ, ဗုဒ္ဓမှိ, ဗုဒ္ဓသ္မိံ. သု-ဗုဒ္ဓေသု.

That which is the receptacle is called location. In that sense, the seventh inflection is used. Smiṃ: buddhe, buddhamhi, buddhasmiṃ. Su: buddhesu.

၅၈.

58.

ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဗုဒ္ဓ သုခံ ဒဒါတိ သရတော ဗုဒ္ဓံ တတော ဒုက္ကရံ,ကိံ ဗုဒ္ဓေန မဟိဒ္ဓယောပိ မုနယော ဗုဒ္ဓေန ဇာတာသုခီ;

ဗုဒ္ဓဿေဝ မနံ ဒဒေ ပဒမဟံ ဗုဒ္ဓါ လဘေယျာစ္စုတံ,ဗုဒ္ဓဿိဒ္ဓိ န ကိံ ကရေ ဘဝဘဝေ ဘတ္တျတ္ထု ဗုဒ္ဓေ မမ.

The Buddha (nom.) gives happiness. O Buddha (voc.), remembering the Buddha (acc.) is therefore difficult. What need have even powerful sages for the Buddha (instr.)? Through the Buddha (instr.) they become happy. I would give my mind to the Buddha (dat.) alone. From the Buddha (abl.) may I attain the imperishable state. What does the power of the Buddha (gen.) not accomplish in life after life? May my devotion be in the Buddha (loc.).

၅၉. ဣတော [Pg.68] ပရံ တတိယာပဉ္စမီနဉ္စ စတုတ္ထီဆဋ္ဌီနဉ္စ သရူပတ္တာ ပဉ္စမီဆဋ္ဌိယော ဘီယော ဥပေက္ခန္တေ.

59. Henceforth, because the third and fifth cases, and the fourth and sixth cases, are identical in form, the fifth and sixth will mostly be disregarded.

၆၀. အတ္တ, သိ.

60. Atta, si.

ဗြဟ္မတ္တသခရာဇာဒိတော တွေဝ.

From ‘brahma,’ ‘atta,’ ‘sakha,’ ‘rāja,’ etc.

သျာ စ.

And ‘ā’ for ‘si’.

ဗြဟ္မာဒိတော သိဿ အာ ဟောတိ. အတ္တာ.

After stems like ‘brahma,’ ‘si’ becomes ‘ā.’ Example: Attā.

‘‘ယောနမာနော’’တိ ဗြဟ္မာဒိတော ယောနံ အာနောတ္တံ. အတ္တာနော.

‘Yonaṃ āno.’ After stems like ‘brahma,’ ‘yo’ becomes ‘āno.’ Example: Attāno.

၆၁. ဟေ - အတ္တ, အတ္တာ. ယော, အတ္တာနော.

61. Vocative singular: He atta, attā. Vocative plural: Attāno.

၆၂. ‘‘ဗြဟ္မတ္တသခရာဇာဒိတော [Pg.69] အမာန’’န္တိ ဗြဟ္မာဒိတော အံဝစနဿ အာနံ ဝါ ဟောတိ. အတ္တာနံ, အတ္တံ. အတ္တာနော.

62. ‘Brahmattasakharājādito amānaṃ.’ After stems like ‘brahma,’ the inflection ‘aṃ’ optionally becomes ‘ānaṃ.’ Examples: Attānaṃ, attaṃ. Attāno.

၆၃. အတ္တေန, အတ္တနာ. ပက္ခေ-ဇိနဝစနာနုရောဓေန ဧနာဘာဝေါ.

63. Attena, attanā. In the alternative, in accordance with the speech of the Conqueror, there is the absence of ‘ena’.

‘‘အတ္တာန္တော [Pg.70] ဟိသ္မိမနတ္တံ’’တိ ဟိမှိ အတ္တန္တဿ အနော. အတ္တနေဟိ. ဧဝံ ကရဏေ.

‘Attānto hismim anattaṃ.’ Before ‘hi,’ the final of ‘atta’ becomes ‘ano.’ Example: Attanehi. Similarly in the instrumental.

၆၄. ‘‘သဿ နော’’တိ နောကာရော. အတ္တနော. အတ္တာနံ.

64. ‘Sassa no.’ The letter ‘no.’ Examples: Attano. Attānaṃ.

၆၅. အမှတုမှန္တု ရာဇဗြဟ္မတ္တသခ သတ္ထုပိတာဒီဟိ သ္မာ နာဝ.

65. After ‘amha,’ ‘tumha,’ ‘rāja,’ ‘brahma,’ ‘atta,’ ‘sakha,’ ‘satthu,’ ‘pitu,’ etc., ‘smā’ is like ‘nā’.

အမှာဒိတော သ္မာ နာ ဣဝ ဟောတိ. အတ္တနာ.

After ‘amha,’ etc., ‘smā’ is like ‘nā.’ Example: Attanā.

၆၆. ‘‘တတော သ္မိန္နီ’’တိ သ္မိနော နိ. အတ္တနိ. ‘‘အနတ္တ’’န္တိ ဘာဝနိဒ္ဒေသေန သုမှိ စ အနော. အတ္တနေသု.

66. ‘Tato sminni.’ After that, ‘smiṃ’ becomes ‘ni.’ Example: Attani. By the instruction ‘anattaṃ,’ and before ‘su,’ the final of ‘atta’ becomes ‘ano.’ Example: Attanesu.

၆၇. ရာဇာ [Pg.71] အတ္တာဝ. နာ.

67. Rāja is like atta.

သဝိဘတ္တိဿ ရာဇဿေတွေဝ.

For ‘rāja’ with its inflection.

နာမှိ ရညာ ဝါ.

Optionally `raññā` before `nā`.

နာမှိ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ ရာဇသဒ္ဒဿ ရညာ ဝါ ဟောတိ. ရညာ, ရာဇေန.

Before `nā`, the inflected stem `rāja` optionally becomes `raññā`. [Examples:] Raññā, rājena.

ရာဇဿ ရာဇု သုနံဟိသု စ.

And `rāju` for `rāja` before `su`, `naṃ`, and `hi`.

သုနံ ဟိသု ပရေသု ရာဇဿ ရာဇု ဟောတိ, စကာရေန ကွစိ န.

When `su`, `naṃ`, or `hi` follow, `rāja` becomes `rāju`; by `ca`, sometimes not.

‘‘သုနံဟိသု [Pg.72] စေတိ’’ ဒီဃေ - ရာဇူဘိ, ရာဇူဟိ, ရာဇေဘိ, ရာဇေဟိ.

By the rule 'Sunaṃhisu ca', with lengthening: rājūbhi, rājūhi, rājebhi, rājehi.

၆၈. သဝိဘတ္တိဿေတျဓိကာရော.

68. The governing rule ‘for the inflected stem’ continues.

‘‘ရာဇဿ ရညော ရာဇိနော သေ’’တိ သေ ရညော ရာဇိနော ဟောန္တိ. ရညော, ရာဇိနော.

‘Rañño, rājino for rāja before se.’ Before `se`, `rāja` becomes `rañño` or `rājino`. [Examples:] Rañño, rājino.

‘‘ရညံ နမှိ ဝါ’’တိ နမှိ ရညံ ဝါ. ရညံ, ရာဇူနံ, ရာဇာနံ.

‘Optionally raññaṃ before naṃ.’ Before `naṃ`, optionally `raññaṃ`. [Examples:] Raññaṃ, rājūnaṃ, rājānaṃ.

၆၉. သ္မာဿနာတုလျတ္တာ-နာမှိ [Pg.73] ရညာ ဝါ. ရညာ, ရာဇမှာ, ရာဇသ္မာ.

69. Because `smā` is like `nā`, [the rule] ‘before nā, optionally raññā’ [applies]. [Examples:] Raññā, rājamhā, rājasmā.

၇၀. ‘‘သ္မိမှိ ရညေ ရာဇိနီ’’တိ သ္မိမှိ ရညေ ရာဇိနိ ဟောန္တိ. ရညေ, ရာဇိနိ. ရာဇူသု, ရာဇေသု.

70. ‘Raññe, rājini before smiṃ.’ Before `smiṃ`, [the forms are] `raññe`, `rājini`. [Examples:] Raññe, rājini. [Plural:] Rājūsu, rājesu.

၇၁. ဂုဏဝန္တု, သိ.

71. The stem `guṇavantu`, with `si`.

သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿေတွေဝ.

For the inflected stem ending in `-ntu`...

‘‘အာ သိမှီ’’တိ သိမှိ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿ အာ. ဂုဏဝါ.

‘Ā before si.’ Before `si`, the `-ntu` of an inflected stem becomes `ā`. [Example:] Guṇavā.

ယောမှိ ပဌမေတွေဝ.

Before the nominative `yo`...

န္တုဿ န္တော.

`Nto` for `-ntu`.

ပဌမေ ယောမှိ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿ န္တောကာရော ဟောတိ. ဂုဏဝန္တော.

Before the nominative `yo`, the `-ntu` of an inflected stem becomes `nto`. [Example:] Guṇavanto.

သုနံဟိသု အတ္တံတွေဝ.

Before `su`, `naṃ`, and `hi`, `attaṃ`...

န္တုဿန္တော ယောသု စ.

And `-nta` for `-ntu` before `yo`.

သုနံဟိသု, ယောသု, စကာရေန အညေသုပိ ပရေသု န္တုဿန္တော အတ္တံ ယာတိ. ဂုဏဝန္တာ.

Before `su`, `naṃ`, `hi`, and `yo`, and by `ca` also before others, the `-ntu` ending becomes `-nta`. [Example:] Guṇavantā.

၇၂. သဝိဘတ္တိဿေတျဓိကာရော[Pg.74]. အံဣတွေဝ.

72. The governing rule ‘for the inflected stem’ continues. And just `aṃ`...

အဝဏ္ဏော စ ဂေ.

And `a` before `ge`.

ဂေ ပရေ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿ အံအအာ ဟောန္တိ. ဟေဂုဏဝံ,ဂုဏဝ, ဂုဏဝါ. ယော - ဂုဏဝန္တော, ဂုဏဝန္တာ.

Before `ge`, the `-ntu` of an inflected stem becomes `aṃ`, `a`, or `ā`. [Examples:] He guṇavaṃ, he guṇava, he guṇavā. [Plural:] Guṇavanto, guṇavantā.

၇၃. အတ္တံ – ဂုဏဝန္တံ. ဂုဏဝန္တေ.

73. Accusative: guṇavantaṃ. [Plural:] Guṇavante.

၇၄. ‘‘တောတိတာ [Pg.75] သသ္မိံ နာသွီ’’တိ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿ နာမှိ တာ, သေ တောကာရော, သ္မိမှိ တိ စ ဝါ. ဂုဏဝတာ, ဂုဏဝန္တေန. ဂုဏဝန္တေဘိ, ဂုဏဝန္တေဟိ.

74. ‘Tā, to, ti optionally for nā, sa, and smiṃ.’ For an inflected stem in `-ntu`, the form before `nā` is optionally `tā`; before `se`, `to`; and before `smiṃ`, `ti`. [Examples:] Guṇavatā, guṇavantena. [Plural:] Guṇavantebhi, guṇavantehi.

၇၅. ဂုဏဝတော, ဂုဏဝန္တဿ.

75. Guṇavato, guṇavantassa.

‘‘နမှိ တံ ဝါ’’တိ နမှိ န္တုဿ တံ ဝါ. ဂုဏဝတံ, ဂုဏဝန္တာနံ. သ္မာ နာဝ.

‘Optionally taṃ before naṃ.’ Before `naṃ`, `-ntu` optionally becomes `taṃ`. [Examples:] Guṇavataṃ, guṇavantānaṃ. `Smā` is like `nā`.

၇၆. ဂုဏဝတိ, ဂုဏဝန္တေ, ဂုဏဝန္တမှိ, ဂုဏဝန္တသ္မိံ, ဂုဏဝန္တေသု.

76. Guṇavati, guṇavante, guṇavantamhi, guṇavantasmiṃ. [Plural:] Guṇavantesu.

၇၇. ဂစ္ဆန္တ, သိ.

77. The stem `gacchanta`, with `si`.

‘‘သိမှိ ဂစ္ဆန္တာဒီနံ န္တသဒ္ဒေါ အ’’န္တိ န္တသဒ္ဒဿ အံဝါ, သိလောပေါ. ဂစ္ဆံ, သိဿ ဩ – ဂစ္ဆန္တော.

‘Before si, the -nta of gacchanta, etc., becomes aṃ.’ The `-nta` ending optionally becomes `aṃ`, with elision of `si`. [Example:] Gacchaṃ. Or `si` becomes `o`: gacchanto.

ဂစ္ဆန္တာဒီနံ န္တသဒ္ဒေါတွေဝ.

Of those ending in `gacchanta`, the suffix `-nta`...

သေသေသုန္တုဝ.

In the remaining cases, it is like ‘-ntu’.

ဝုတ္တံ ဟိတွာ သေသေသု ဂစ္ဆန္တာဒီနံ န္တသဒ္ဒေါ န္တု ဣဝ ဒဋ္ဌဗ္ဗော. ဂစ္ဆန္တော, ဂစ္ဆန္တာဣစ္စာဒိ.

Leaving aside what has been said, in the remaining cases the ‘-nta’ ending of ‘gacchanta,’ etc., should be seen as being like ‘-ntu.’ Examples: Gacchanto, gacchantā, etc.

သေသံ ဂုဏဝန္တုသမံ.

The rest is like ‘guṇavantu’.

၇၈. ဂစ္ဆန္တာဒယော [Pg.77] နာမ အန္တပ္ပစ္စယန္တာ.

78. Stems such as ‘gacchanta’ are those ending in the suffix ‘-anta’.

၇၉. အဂ္ဂိ, သိလောပေါ.

79. The stem is ‘aggi’; ‘si’ is elided.

‘‘ဣဝဏ္ဏုဝဏ္ဏာ ဈလာ’’တိ ဣဝဏ္ဏုဝဏ္ဏာနံ ယထာသင်္ချံ ဈလသညာ.

By the rule ‘Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā,’ stems ending in ‘i’ and ‘u’ are designated ‘jha’ and ‘la’ respectively.

ဈလတော ဝါတွေဝ.

After ‘jha’ and ‘la,’ optionally...

ဃပတော စ ယောနံ လောပေါ.

And elision of ‘yo’ after ‘gha’ and ‘pa’.

ဃပဈလတော ယောနံ လောပေါ ဝါ ဟောတိ.

After ‘gha,’ ‘pa,’ ‘jha,’ and ‘la,’ ‘yo’ is optionally elided.

ယောသု ကတနိကာရလောပေသု ဒီဃံ.

Lengthening when ‘yo’ has been elided.

ကတော နိကာရော လောပေါ စ ယေသံ တေသု ယောသု သရာနံ ဒီဃော ဟောတိ. အဂ္ဂီ. ပက္ခေ-အတ္တန္တွေဝ.

When the ending ‘yo’ has been elided, the preceding vowel is lengthened. Example: Aggī. In the alternative case, it is like ‘atta’.

ယော သွကတရဿော ဈော.

Before ‘yo,’ an unshortened ‘jha’...

ယောသု အကတရဿော ဈော အတ္တံ ယာတိ. အဂ္ဂယော. တထာလပနေ.

Before ‘yo,’ a ‘jha’ that has not been shortened becomes ‘ay.’ Example: Aggayo. Similarly in the vocative.

၈၀. အံ မော နိဂ္ဂဟီတံ ဈလပေဟိ.

80. After ‘jha,’ ‘la,’ and ‘pa,’ ‘aṃ’ and ‘mo’ become niggahīta (ṃ).

ဈလပတော အံ မော စ ဗိန္ဒုံ ယန္တိ. အဂ္ဂိံ. အဂ္ဂီ, အဂ္ဂယော.

After ‘jha,’ ‘la,’ and ‘pa,’ ‘aṃ’ and ‘mo’ become niggahīta. Example: Aggiṃ. Plural: Aggī, aggayo.

၈၁. အဂ္ဂိနာ. ဒီဃေ-အဂ္ဂီဘိ, အဂ္ဂီဟိ.

81. Agginā. With lengthening: aggībhi, aggīhi.

၈၂. ‘‘ဈလတော သဿ နော ဝါ’’တိ သဿ နောတ္တံ ဝါ. အဂ္ဂိနော, အဂ္ဂိဿ. အဂ္ဂီနံ.

82. By the rule ‘Jhalato sassa no vā,’ the ending ‘sa’ optionally becomes ‘no.’ Examples: Aggino, aggissa. Plural: Aggīnaṃ.

၈၃. ‘‘ဈလတော စေ’’တိ သ္မာဿ နာ. အဂ္ဂိနာ.

83. By the rule ‘Jhalato ce,’ the ending ‘smā’ becomes ‘nā.’ Example: Agginā.

၈၄. အဂ္ဂိမှိ, အဂ္ဂိသ္မိံ. အဂ္ဂီသု.

84. Aggimhi, aggismiṃ. Plural: Aggīsu.

၈၅. အာဒိ အဂ္ဂီဝ. သ္မိံနော ပန ‘‘အာဒိတော ဩ စေ’’တိ အံ, ဩ စ ဝါ. အာဒိ, အာဒေါ, အာဒိမှိ, အာဒိသ္မိံ. အာဒီသု.

85. The stem ‘ādi’ is declined like ‘aggi.’ However, for the ending ‘smiṃ,’ by the rule ‘ādito o ce,’ it is optionally replaced by ‘aṃ’ and ‘o.’ Examples: Ādi, ādo, ādimhi, ādismiṃ. Plural: Ādīsu.

၈၆. ဒဏ္ဍီ[Pg.79], သိ.

86. The stem is ‘daṇḍī’; the ending is ‘si’.

‘‘အဃော ရဿ’’မာဒိနာ ရဿေ သမ္ပတ္တေ ‘‘န သိသ္မိမနပုံသကာနီ’’တိ သိမှိ အနပုံသကာနံ န ရဿော. သိလောပေါ, ဒဏ္ဍီ, ယောလောပေ – ဒဏ္ဍီ. ပက္ခေ –

Although shortening is applicable by the rule ‘Agho rassa,’ etc., by the rule ‘na sismimanapuṃsakāni,’ there is no shortening for non-neuter stems before the ending ‘si.’ With elision of ‘si,’ the form is daṇḍī. With elision of ‘yo,’ the form is daṇḍī. In the alternative case—

အဃော ရဿမေကဝစနယောသွပိ စ.

An ‘agha’ stem is shortened before singular endings and also before ‘yo’.

ဧကဝစနယောသု ဈလပါ ရဿံ ယန္တိ.

Before singular endings and ‘yo,’ the stems designated ‘jha,’ ‘la,’ and ‘pa’ are shortened.

ဈတော ကတရဿာတွေဝ.

After a ‘jha’ that has been shortened...

ယောနံ နော.

The ending ‘yo’ becomes ‘no’.

ကတဿာ ဈတော ယောနံ နောတ္တံ ဟောတိ. ဒဏ္ဍိနော.

After a ‘jha’ that has been shortened, the ending ‘yo’ becomes ‘no.’ Example: Daṇḍino.

၈၇. ‘‘ဈလပါ ရဿ’’န္တိ ဂေ ပရေ ဈလပါနံ ရဿော. ဟေဒဏ္ဍိ. ဒဏ္ဍီ, ဒဏ္ဍိနော.

87. By the rule ‘Jhalapā rassa,’ when the vocative ending ‘ge’ follows, stems designated ‘jha,’ ‘la,’ and ‘pa’ are shortened. Example: Hedaṇḍi. Other forms: Daṇḍī, daṇḍino.

၈၈. ဝါ [Pg.80] အံဣတွေဝ.

88. Optionally, for the ending ‘aṃ’...

‘‘နံ ဈတော ကတရဿာ’’တိ အံဣစ္စဿ နံ ဝါ. ဒဏ္ဍိနံ, ဒဏ္ဍိံ. ဒဏ္ဍီ, ဒဏ္ဍိနော.

By the rule ‘Naṃ jhato katarassā,’ the ending ‘aṃ’ optionally becomes ‘naṃ.’ Examples: Daṇḍinaṃ, daṇḍiṃ. Plural: Daṇḍī, daṇḍino.

၈၉. ဒဏ္ဍိနာ. ဒဏ္ဍီဘိ, ဒဏ္ဍီဟိ.

89. Daṇḍinā. Daṇḍībhi, daṇḍīhi.

၉၀. ဒဏ္ဍိနော, ဒဏ္ဍိဿ. ဒဏ္ဍီနံ.

90. Daṇḍino, daṇḍissa. Daṇḍīnaṃ.

၉၁. ဈတော ကတရဿာတွေဝ.

91. From 'jha', however, the rule for shortening indeed applies.

‘‘သ္မိန္နီ’’တိ သ္မိနော နိ. ဒဏ္ဍိနိ. ဒဏ္ဍီသု.

By the rule 'Sminnī', 'ni' is substituted for 'smiṃ'. Daṇḍini. Daṇḍīsu.

၉၂. ဘိက္ခု, သိလောပေါ.

92. Bhikkhu; elision of 'si'.

ဝါ ယောနံတွေဝ.

Optionally, concerning 'yo', however, indeed.

‘‘လတော ဝေါ ကာရော စေ’’တိ လတော ယောနံ ဝေါတ္တံ ဝါ.

By the rule 'Lato vo kāro ce', 'yo' after 'la' optionally becomes 'vo'.

အတ္တံ အကတရဿောတွေဝ.

However, for the unshortened vowel, it becomes 'a' indeed.

ဝေဝေါသု လော စ.

And 'yo' becomes 've' or 'vo'.

ဝေဝေါသု အကတရဿော လော အတ္တံ ယာတိ. ဘိက္ခဝေါ, ပက္ခေ – ယောလောပ ဒီဃာ. ဘိက္ခူ.

When 've' or 'vo' are substituted, the preceding unshortened vowel becomes 'a'. Bhikkhavo. In the alternative case, there is elision of 'yo' and lengthening: Bhikkhū.

၉၃. ဟေ-ဘိက္ခု.

93. He-bhikkhu.

‘‘အကတရဿာ လတော ယွာလပနဿ ဝေဝေါ’’တိ အာလပနေ ယောဿ ဝေဝေါကာရာ, အတ္တံ. ဘိက္ခဝေ, ဘိက္ခဝေါ, ဘိက္ခူ.

By the rule 'Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo', in the vocative, 'yo' after an unshortened vowel becomes 've' or 'vo', and the preceding vowel becomes 'a'. Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo, bhikkhū.

၉၄. ဘိက္ခုံ. ဘိက္ခဝေါ, ဘိက္ခူ. သေသံ အဂ္ဂီဝ.

94. Bhikkhuṃ. Bhikkhavo, bhikkhū. The rest is like 'aggi'.

၉၅. ဧဝံ ဇန္တု. ဇန္တူ, ဇန္တဝေါ.

95. Thus is 'jantu' declined. Jantū, jantavo.

‘‘လတော [Pg.81] ဝေါကာရော စေ’’တီဟ ကာရဂ္ဂဟဏေန ယောနံ နောတ္တံ, စကာရေန ကွစိ ဝေါနောနမဘာဝေါဝ ဝိသေသော. ဇန္တုနော, ဇန္တုယော.

Here, by the rule 'Lato vokāro ce', through the inclusion of 'kāra', 'yo' becomes 'no'; by 'ca', in some cases, the distinction is the very absence of 'vo' and 'no'. Jantuno, jantuyo.

၉၆. သတ္ထု, သိ.

96. Satthu; with 'si'.

‘‘သတ္ထုပိတာဒီနမာ သိသ္မိံ သိလောပေါ စေ’’တိ သတ္ထာဒျန္တဿ အာ, သိလောပေါ စ. သတ္ထာ.

By the rule 'Satthupitādīnamā sismiṃ silopo ce', for 'satthu', 'pitu' and other such words, the final vowel becomes 'ā' when 'si' follows, and 'si' is elided. Satthā.

သတ္ထုပိတာဒီနန္တျဓိကာရော.

This is the governing rule for the ending of 'satthu', 'pitu', and other such words.

အညေသွာရတ္တံ.

In other cases, it becomes 'āra'.

သိတောညေသု သတ္ထာဒျန္တဿ အာရော ဟောတိ.

In cases other than 'si', the end of 'satthu' and other such words becomes 'āro'.

တတော ယောနမော တု.

After that, 'yo' however becomes 'o'.

တတော အာရတော ယောနံ ဩ ဟောတိ. သတ္ထာရော.

After that 'āra', 'yo' becomes 'o'. Satthāro.

၉၇. ဟေ-သတ္ထ, သတ္ထာ. သတ္ထာရော.

97. He-sattha, satthā. Satthāro.

၉၈. သတ္ထာရံ. သတ္ထာရေ, သတ္ထာရော.

98. Satthāraṃ. Satthāre, satthāro.

၉၉. ‘‘နာ အာ’’တိ အာရတော နာဿ အာ. သတ္ထာရာ. သတ္ထာရေဘိ, သတ္ထာရေဟိ.

99. By the rule 'Nā ā', after 'āra', 'nā' becomes 'ā'. Satthārā. Satthārebhi, satthārehi.

၁၀၀. ဥ သသ္မိံ သလောပေါ စ.

100. When 'sa' follows, the final vowel becomes 'u', and 'sa' is elided.

သေ [Pg.82] သတ္ထာဒျန္တဿ ဥ ဟောတိ သလောပေါ စ ဝါ. သတ္ထု, သတ္ထုနော, သတ္ထုဿ.

When 'sa' follows, the end of 'satthu' and other such words becomes 'u', and 'sa' is optionally elided. Satthu, satthuno, satthussa.

‘‘ဝါ နမှီ’’တိ နမှိ အာရော ဝါ. သတ္ထာရာနံ.

By the rule 'Vā namhī', when 'naṃ' follows, 'āra' is optionally substituted. Satthārānaṃ.

‘‘သတ္ထုနာတ္တဉ္စေ’’တိ နမှိ သတ္ထာဒျန္တဿ အတ္တံ ဝါ. ဒီဃေသတ္ထာနံ.

By the rule 'Satthunāttañce', when 'naṃ' follows, the end of 'satthu' and other such words optionally becomes 'a'. Dīghesatthānaṃ.

၁၀၁. ‘‘တတော သ္မိမီ’’တိ အာရတော သ္မိနော ဣ. ‘‘အာရော ရဿမီကာရေ’’တိ ဣမှိ အာရဿ ရဿော. သတ္ထရိ. သတ္ထာရေသု. ဧဝံ နတ္တာဒိ.

101. By the rule 'Tato smimī', after 'āra', 'smiṃ' becomes 'i'. By the rule 'Āro rassamīkāre', when 'i' follows, 'āra' is shortened. Satthari. Satthāresu. Thus are 'nattu' and other such words declined.

၁၀၂. ပိတာ [Pg.83] သတ္ထေဝ. ‘‘ပိတာဒီနမသိမှီ’’တိ သိတောညေသု အာရဿ ရဿောဝ ဝိသေသော. ပိတရော.

102. The word 'pitā' is like 'satthu'. According to the rule 'Pitādīnamasimhī', in cases other than 'si', the shortening of 'āra' is the special feature. For example: Pitaro.

နမှိ – ပိတူနန္တိပိ ဟောတိ. ဧဝံ ဘာတုပ္ပဘုတယော.

In the case of the 'naṃ' ending, the form 'pitūnaṃ' also occurs. Likewise for 'bhātu' and so forth.

၁၀၃. အဘိဘူ. ရဿေ-အဘိဘုဝေါ. ယောလောပေအဘိဘူ. သေသံ ဘိက္ခူဝ, ရဿောဝ ဝိသေသော.

103. The word 'abhibhū'. When shortened: abhibhuvo. With the elision of 'yo': abhibhū. The remaining forms are like 'bhikkhu'; the shortening is the special feature.

၁၀၄. ဧဝံ [Pg.84] သဗ္ဗညူ. ပုဗ္ဗေဝ ယောနံ နောကာရော စ. သဗ္ဗညုနော, သဗ္ဗညူ.

104. Likewise for 'sabbaññū'. And as before, 'no' is substituted for the 'yo' endings. For example: Sabbaññuno, sabbaññū.

၁၀၅. ဂေါ.

105. The word 'go'.

ဂါဝဣတွေဝ.

The stem becomes 'gāva'.

‘‘ယောသု စေ’’တိ ဂေါသဒ္ဒေါကာရဿ အာဝေါ, ‘‘တတော ယောနမော တု’’တီဟ တုသဒ္ဒေန ယောနံ ဩ. ဂါဝေါ. တထာလပနေ.

According to the rule 'Yosu ce', the 'o' of the word 'go' becomes 'āvo'. According to the rule 'Tato yonamo tu', here, by the word 'tu', the 'yo' endings become 'o'. For example: Gāvo. Likewise in the vocative.

၁၀၆. အဝမှိ စ.

106. And 'ava' when 'aṃ' follows.

အမှိ ပရေ ဂေါသဒ္ဒေါကာရဿ အာဝအဝါ ဟောန္တိ, စသဒ္ဒေန ဟိနံဝဇ္ဇိတေသု သေသေသုပိ.

When 'aṃ' follows, the 'o' of the word 'go' becomes 'āva' and 'ava'. And by the word 'ca', this also applies in the remaining cases, excluding 'hi' and 'naṃ'.

၁၀၇. ‘‘အာဝဿု ဝါ’’တိ အမှိ အာဝန္တဿ ဥတ္တံ ဝါ, ဂါဟွံ, ဂါဝံ, ဂဝံ. ယော-ဂါဝေါ. ဂါဝေန, ဂဝေန. ဂေါဘိ, ဂေါဟိ.

107. According to the rule 'Āvassu vā', when 'aṃ' follows, that which ends in 'āva' optionally becomes 'u'. For example: Gāhvaṃ, gāvaṃ, gavaṃ. Plural with 'yo': Gāvo. Instrumental singular: Gāvena, gavena. Instrumental plural: Gobhi, gohi.

၁၀၈. ‘‘ဂါဝ သေ’’တိ သေ ဩဿ အာဝေါ. ဂါဝဿ, ဂဝဿ. ‘‘တတော န’’မာဒေါ စကာရေန နံဣစ္စဿ အံ, ဩဿ အဝေါ စ. ဂဝံ.

108. According to the rule 'Gāva se', when 'se' follows, 'o' becomes 'āvo'. For example: Gāvassa, gavassa. According to the rule 'Tato naṃādo', by the word 'ca', 'naṃ' becomes 'aṃ', and 'o' becomes 'avo'. For example: Gavaṃ.

၁၀၉. ‘‘သုဟိနာသု [Pg.85] စေ’’တီဟ စကာရေန ဂေါဿ ဂု စ. ဒွိတ္တေ-ဂုန္နံ, ဂေါနံ. ဂါဝါ, ဂဝါ, ဂါဝမှာ, ဂဝမှာ, ဂါဝသ္မာ, ဂဝသ္မာ. ဂေါဘိ, ဂေါဟိ.

109. Here, according to the rule 'Suhināsu ce', by the word 'ca', 'go' also becomes 'gu'. With doubling: gunnaṃ, gonaṃ. Ablative singular: Gāvā, gavā, gāvamhā, gavamhā, gāvasmā, gavasmā. Instrumental and ablative plural: Gobhi, gohi.

၁၁၀. ဂါဝေ, ဂဝေ, ဂါဝမှိ, ဂဝမှိ, ဂါဝသ္မိံ, ဂဝသ္မိံ. ဂါဝေသု, ဂဝေသု, ဂေါသု.

110. Locative singular: Gāve, gave, gāvamhi, gavamhi, gāvasmiṃ, gavasmiṃ. Locative plural: Gāvesu, gavesu, gosu.

ပုလ္လိင်္ဂါ.

End of the masculine gender.

ဣတ္ထိလိင်္ဂ

The feminine gender.

၁၁၁. ကညာ[Pg.86]. သိလောပေါ.

111. The word 'kaññā'. There is elision of 'si'.

‘‘အာ ဃော’’တိ ဣတ္ထိယံ အာကာရဿ ဃသညာ. ယော လောပေ – ကညာ. ပက္ခေ – ကညာယော.

According to the rule 'Ā gho', in the feminine gender, the long vowel 'ā' receives the designation 'gha'. With elision of 'yo': kaññā. Alternatively: kaññāyo.

၁၁၂. ‘‘ဃတေ စေ’’တိ ဂဿ ဧ. ဟေ-ကညေ. ကညာ, ကညာယော.

112. According to the rule 'Ghate ce', 'gha' becomes 'e'. Vocative singular: He kaññe. Vocative plural: Kaññā, kaññāyo.

၁၁၃. ကညံ. ကညာ, ကညာယော.

113. Accusative singular: Kaññaṃ. Accusative plural: Kaññā, kaññāyo.

၁၁၄. အာယ ဧကဝစနဿေတွေဝ.

114. The ending 'āya' for the singular.

‘‘ဃတော နာဒီန’’န္တိ နာဒေကဝစနာနမာယော. ကညာယ. ကညာဘိ, ကညာဟိ.

According to the rule 'Ghato nādīnaṃ', for the singular case endings beginning with 'nā', the substitution is 'āya'. For example: Kaññāya. Instrumental and ablative plural: Kaññābhi, kaññāhi.

၁၁၅. ကညာယ. ကညာနံ.

115. Dative and genitive singular: Kaññāya. Dative and genitive plural: Kaññānaṃ.

၁၁၆. ဃပတော သ္မိံ ယံ ဝါ.

116. After a stem designated 'gha', 'smiṃ' optionally becomes 'yaṃ'.

ဃပေဟိ သ္မိနော ယံ ဝါ ဟောတိ. ကညာယံ, ကညာယ. ကညာသု.

After stems designated 'gha' or 'pa', 'smiṃ' optionally becomes 'yaṃ'. Locative singular examples: Kaññāyaṃ, kaññāya. Locative plural: Kaññāsu.

၁၁၇. ရတ္တိ[Pg.87], သိလောပေါ.

117. The word 'ratti'. There is elision of 'si'.

‘‘တေ ဣတ္ထိချာ ပေါ’’တိ ဣတ္ထိယမိဝဏ္ဏုဝဏ္ဏာနံ ပသညာ. ယောလောပဒီဃာ. ရတ္တီ. ပက္ခေ – ရတ္တိယော. တထာလပနေ.

According to the rule 'Te itthikhyā po', in the feminine gender, the vowels 'i' and 'u' receive the designation 'pa'. With elision of 'yo' and lengthening: Rattī. Alternatively: rattiyo. Likewise in the vocative.

၁၁၈. ရတ္တိံ, ရတ္တီ. ရတ္တိယော.

118. Accusative singular: Rattiṃ. Accusative plural: Rattī, rattiyo.

၁၁၉. ဧကဝစနဿ နာဒီနန္တွေဝ.

119. For the singular endings beginning with 'nā'.

‘‘ပတော ယာ’’တိ နာဒေကဝစနာနံ ယာ. ရတ္တိယာ. ရတ္တီဘိ, ရတ္တီဟိ.

According to the rule 'Pato yā', for the singular case endings beginning with 'nā', the substitution is 'yā'. For example: Rattiyā. Instrumental and ablative plural: Rattībhi, rattīhi.

၁၂၀. ရတ္တိယာ. ရတ္တီနံ.

120. Dative and genitive singular: Rattiyā. Dative and genitive plural: Rattīnaṃ.

၁၂၁. ရတ္တိယံ, ရတ္တိယာ. ရတ္တီသု.

121. Rattiyaṃ, rattiyā. Rattīsu.

၁၂၂. နဒီ[Pg.88]. သေသံ ရတ္တီဝ. အဃတ္တာ ရဿောဝ ဝိသေသော.

122. Nadī. The rest is like 'rattī'. The shortening due to the absence of 'gha' is the distinction.

၁၂၃. ယာဂု ရတ္တီဝ.

123. 'Yāgu' declines like 'rattī'.

၁၂၄. မာတု, ဓီတု, ဒုဟိတွာဒယော ပိတေဝ.

124. 'Mātu', 'dhītu', 'duhitā', and so on, decline like 'pitā'.

၁၂၅. ဇမ္ဗူ နဒီဝ.

125. 'Jambū' declines like 'nadī'.

ကညဣတိ ဌိတေ –

When 'kaññā' stands thus—

ဣတ္ထိယမတော အာပစ္စယော.

In the feminine, after 'a', the affix is 'ā'.

ဣတ္ထိယံ ဝတ္တမာနာ အကာရန္တတော အာပစ္စယော ဟောတိ. သရလောပပကလျာဒိ. ကညာ.

From a stem ending in 'a' which is feminine, the affix 'ā' is applied. By operations such as the elision of a vowel, etc.: Kaññā.

‘‘ဓာတုပ္ပစ္စယဝိဘတ္တိ ဝဇ္ဇိတမတ္ထဝံ လိင်္ဂ’’န္တိ ဝစနတော ပစ္စယန္တဿာလိင်္ဂတ္တာ တဒ္ဓိတာဒိသုတ္တေ စကာရေန နာမမိဝ ကတေ – သျာဒိ. ဧဝံ ဤဣနီသု.

According to the statement 'Gender is the meaning of a word, excluding root, affix, and inflectional ending,' and since a word ending in an affix has no intrinsic gender, when it is treated as a noun by the particle 'ca' in the rule concerning taddhita affixes and so on—the case endings 'si' and so on are applied. Thus it is for stems ending in 'ī' and 'inī'.

ဧဝံ အဇာ, ဧဠကာ, ကောကိလာ, အဿာ, မူသိကာ, ဗလာကာ, မန္ဒာ, ဇရာဣစ္စာဒိ.

Thus also: ajā, eḷakā, kokilā, assā, mūsikā, balākā, mandā, jarā, and so on.

၁၂၆. ဣတ္ထိယန္တျဓိကာရော.

126. The section on the feminine.

နဒါဒိတော ဝါ ဤ.

From the 'nadā' group and so on, 'ī' is optional.

ဣတ္ထိယံ [Pg.89] နဒါဒိတော ဝါ အနဒါဒိတော ဝါ ဤ ဟောတိ. နဒီ, နဂရီ, ကုမာရီ, ဗြာဟ္မဏီ, တရုဏီ, ကုက္ကုဋီ, ဣတ္ထီ ဣစ္စာဒိ.

In the feminine, the affix 'ī' is applied both to stems of the 'nadā' group and to other stems. For example: Nadī, nagarī, kumārī, brāhmaṇī, taruṇī, kukkuṭī, itthī, and so on.

‘‘မာတုလာဒီနမာနတ္တမီကာရေ’’တိ [Pg.90] ဤမှိ မာတုလာဒျန္တဿ အာနော. မာတုလာနီတျာဒိ.

According to the rule 'Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre,' when the affix 'ī' follows, the augment 'āna' is added to stems of the 'mātula' group. For example: Mātulānī, and so on.

အနဒါဒိတော ဝါ ဤ. သခီ, ဟတ္ထီ.

Optionally, the affix 'ī' is also applied to stems not in the 'nadā' group. For example: Sakhī, hatthī.

ဘဝတော ဘောတော.

'Bhavato' becomes 'bhoto'.

ဤမှိ ဘဝန္တဿ ဘောတော ဟောတိ. ဘောတီ.

When the affix 'ī' follows, the stem 'bhavant' becomes 'bhot'. For example: Bhotī.

၁၂၇. ‘‘ဏ [Pg.91] ဝ ဏိကဏေယျ ဏန္တူဟီ’’တိ ဤ. မာနဝီ, နာဝိကီ, ဝေနတေယျီ, ဂေါတမီ.

127. By the rule 'Ṇa va ṇikaṇeyya ṇantūhī,' the affix 'ī' is applied. For example: Mānavī, nāvikī, venateyyī, gotamī.

၁၂၈. ‘‘န္တုဿ တမီကာရေ’’တိ န္တုဿ တော ဝါ. ဂုဏဝတီ, ဂုဏဝန္တီ. ဓိတိမတီ, ဓိတိမန္တီ.

128. By the rule 'Ntussa tamīkāre,' 'ntu' optionally becomes 't' before 'ī'. For example: Guṇavatī, guṇavantī; Dhitimatī, dhitimantī.

န္တဿ န္တုဗျပဒေသော. မဟတီ, မဟန္တီ.

The designation 'ntu' is also applied to 'nta'. For example: Mahatī, mahantī.

၁၂၉. ပတိဘိက္ခုရာဇီကာရန္တေဟိ ဣနီ.

129. After 'pati', 'bhikkhu', 'rāja', and stems ending in 'ī', the affix is 'inī'.

ပတျာဒီဟိ [Pg.92] ဤကာရန္တေဟိ စ ဣတ္ထိယံ ဣနီ ဟောတိ.

In the feminine, the affix 'inī' is applied after stems of the 'pati' group and after stems ending in 'ī'.

‘‘ပတိဿိနီမှီ’’တိ ပတျန္တဿ အတ္တေ သရလောပါဒေါ တုကာရေန လောပါဘာဝေါ. ‘‘ဝါ ပရော အသရူပါ’’တိ ဣလောပေါ, ဒီဃော စ. ဂဟပတာနီ, ဘိက္ခုနီ, ရာဇိနီ, မေဓာဝိနီ, တပဿိနီ, ဓမ္မစာရိဏီ, ဘယဒဿာဝိနီ, ဘုတ္တာဝိနီတျာဒိ.

By the rule 'Patissinīmhī,' for the end of the stem 'pati', 'atta' is substituted; due to 'tu', there is no elision of the vowel. By the rule 'Vā paro asarūpā,' there is elision of 'i' and lengthening. For example: Gahapatānī, bhikkhunī, rājinī, medhāvinī, tapassinī, dhammacāriṇī, bhayadassāvinī, bhuttāvinī, and so on.

ဣတ္ထိလိင်္ဂါ.

The Feminine Gender.

နပုံသကလိင်္ဂ

The Neuter Gender.

၁၃၀. စိတ္တ[Pg.93], သိ.

130. Citta, si.

နပုံသကေဟိ အတော နိစ္စန္တေဝ.

After neuter stems ending in 'a', the ending is always 'aṃ'.

သိံ.

'Si' becomes 'aṃ'.

အကာရန္တေတိ နပုံသကေဟိ သိဿ နိစံ အံ ဟောတိ. စိတ္တံ.

After neuter stems ending in 'a', 'si' always becomes 'aṃ'. For example: cittaṃ.

ယောနံ နိ နပုံသကေဟိတွေဝ.

After neuter stems, the endings 'yo' become 'ni'.

အတော နိစ္စံ.

Always after the vowel 'a'.

အကာရန္တေဟိ န ပုံသကေဟိ ယောနံ နိစ္စံ နိ ဟောတိ, နိဿ အာ. စိတ္တာ. ပက္ခေ – ယောသွာဒိနာ ဒီဃေ – စိတ္တာနိ.

After neuter stems ending in the vowel 'a', the case ending 'yo' always becomes 'ni', and the preceding vowel is lengthened. For example: cittāni. Alternatively, with the elision of 'yo' and lengthening of the stem vowel: cittā.

၁၃၁. ဂလောပေ – ဟေ – စိတ္တ. စိတ္တာ, စိတ္တာနိ.

131. In the vocative singular: O citta. In the vocative plural: cittā, cittāni.

၁၃၂. စိတ္တံ[Pg.94]. နိဿ ဧ – စိတ္တေ, စိတ္တာနိ. သေသံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါဝ.

132. Accusative singular: cittaṃ. Locative singular: citte. Accusative plural: cittāni. The remaining forms are like those of 'buddha'.

၁၃၃. မန, သိ, မနံ.

133. mana + si → manaṃ.

နာ ဝါတွေဝ.

The ending 'nā' is optional.

၁၃၄. မနောဂဏာဒိတော သ္မိန္နာနမိအာ.

134. After the 'mana' group, for 'smiṃ' and 'nā', the substitute is 'iā'.

မနာဒိတော သ္မိန္နာနံ ဣအာ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ.

After 'mana' and other such stems, the endings 'smiṃ' and 'nā' optionally become 'iā'.

သ သရေ ဝါဂမော.

The augment 'sa' is optionally inserted when a vowel follows.

ဝိဘတျာဒေသေ သရေ ပရေ မနာဒိတော သာဂမော ဝါ ဟောတိ. မနသာ.

When a case ending or a substitute beginning with a vowel follows, the augment 'sa' is optionally inserted after stems of the 'mana' group. For example: manasā.

၁၃၅. သဿ စော

135. And the genitive singular ending 'ssa' becomes 'o'.

မနာဒိတော သဿ ဩ ဟောတိ, စသဒ္ဒေန သ္မာဿ အာ စ. မနသော, မနသာ.

After stems of the 'mana' group, the genitive singular ending 'ssa' becomes 'o'; and by the force of 'ca', the ablative ending 'smā' also becomes 'ā'. Examples: manaso, manasā.

၁၃၆. မနသိ[Pg.95]. သေသံ စိတ္တံဝ.

136. Locative singular: manasi. The remaining forms are like those of 'citta'.

၁၃၇.

137.

မနံ သိရံ ဥရံ တေဇံ, ရဇံ ဩဇံ ဝယံ ပယံ;

ယသံ တပံ ဝစံ စေတံ, ဧဝမာဒိ မနောဂဏော.

Mind (mana), head (sira), chest (ura), splendor (teja), dust (raja), nutritive essence (oja), age (vaya), milk (paya); fame (yasa), austerity (tapa), speech (vaca), consciousness (ceta)—these and others constitute the 'mana' group.

၁၃၈. ဂုဏဝန္တု[Pg.96], သိ.

138. guṇavantu + si.

‘‘အံ နပုံသကေ’’တိ သိမှိ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ န္တုဿ အံ. ဂုဏဝံ. န္တုဿ တ္တေ – ဂုဏဝန္တာနိ.

By the rule 'Aṃ napuṃsake' ('aṃ in the neuter'), in the nominative singular ('si'), 'ntu' together with the case ending becomes 'aṃ'. For example: guṇavaṃ. In the plural, 'ntu' becomes 'ntāni': guṇavantāni.

၁၃၉. ယောတောညံ ပုမေဝ. ဧဝံ ဂစ္ဆံ.

139. In cases other than the nominative and accusative plural ('yo'), the declension is like the masculine. Similarly for 'gacchant'.

၁၄၀. အဋ္ဌိ.

140. Aṭṭhi (bone).

ဝါတွေဝ.

Optionally.

‘‘ယောနန္နိ နပုံသကေဟီ’’တိ ယောနံ နိ ဝါ. အဋ္ဋီနိ. ဈတ္တာ ယောလောပေ – အဋ္ဌီ. တထာလပနေ.

By the rule 'Yo naṃ ni napuṃsakehi', the case ending 'yo' optionally becomes 'ni'. For example: aṭṭīni. Alternatively, with the elision of 'yo' and lengthening of the preceding vowel: aṭṭhī. The same forms apply in the vocative.

၁၄၁. အဋ္ဌိံ, အဋ္ဌီနိ, အဋ္ဌီ. သေသံ အဂ္ဂီဝ.

141. Accusative singular: aṭṭhiṃ. Nominative and accusative plural: aṭṭhīni, aṭṭhī. The remaining forms are like those of 'aggi'.

၁၄၂. ဒဏ္ဍီ, သိ.

142. daṇḍī + si.

အဃတ္တာ ရဿော, ဒဏ္ဍိ. ယောတောညံ ပုမေဝ.

In the nominative singular, the final vowel is shortened: daṇḍi. In cases other than the nominative and accusative plural, the declension is like the masculine.

၁၄၃. အာယု အဋ္ဌီဝ.

143. The word 'āyu' is declined like 'aṭṭhi'.

နပုံသကလိင်္ဂါ.

Neuter Gender.

ပုမိတ္ထိလိင်္ဂ

Masculine and Feminine Gender.

၁၄၄. ပုမိတ္ထိလိင်္ဂါ [Pg.98] – ဃဋ, ကဋ, ယဋ္ဌိ, မုဋ္ဌိ, သိန္ဓု, ရေဏုပ္ပဘုတယော ဒွိပဒ စတုပ္ပဒ ဇာတိဝါစိနော စ.

144. Words of both masculine and feminine gender include: ghaṭa (pot), kaṭa (mat), yaṭṭhi (stick), muṭṭhi (fist), sindhu (river), reṇu (dust), and so forth, as well as words denoting species of bipeds and quadrupeds.

ယထာ – ဃဋော, ဤပစ္စယေ-ဃဋီ. ဧသော ယဋ္ဌိ, ဧသာ ယဋ္ဌိစ္စာဒိ.

For example: ghaṭo (masculine); with the suffix '-ī', it becomes feminine: ghaṭī. An example of a word with dual gender is 'yaṭṭhi': eso yaṭṭhi (masculine: 'this staff'), esā yaṭṭhi (feminine: 'this staff'), and so on.

ဒွိပဒဇာတိဝါစိနော ယထာ – ခတ္တိယော. အာပစ္စယေ- ခတ္တိယာ, သမဏော, ဤမှိ-သမဏီဣစ္စာဒိ.

Words denoting species of bipeds, for example: khattiyo (a warrior, masc.); with the suffix -ā: khattiyā (a female warrior, fem.); samaṇo (a recluse, masc.); with the suffix -ī: samaṇī (a female recluse, fem.), and so on.

စတုပ္ပဒဇာတိဝါစိနော ယထာ – ဂဇော, အာ-ဂဇာ, ဗျဂ္ဃော, ဤမှိ - ဗျဂ္ဃီဣစ္စာဒိ.

Words denoting species of quadrupeds, for example: gajo (an elephant, masc.); with -ā: gajā (a female elephant, fem.); byaggho (a tiger, masc.); with -ī: byagghī (a tigress, fem.), and so on.

ပုမနပုံသကလိင်္ဂ

Masculine and Neuter Gender.

၁၄၅. ပုမနပုံသကလိင်္ဂါ [Pg.100] – ဓမ္မ, ကမ္မ, ဗြဟ္မ, ကုသုမ သင်္ဂမ, ပဒုမ, အဿမ, ဝိဟာရ, သရီရ, သုဝဏ္ဏ, ဝဏ္ဏ, ကဟာပဏ, ဘဝန, ဘုဝန, ယောဗ္ဗန, ဘုသန, အာသန, သယန, ဩဒန, အာကာသ, ဥပဝါသ, မာသ, ဒိဝသ, ရသ, ထလ, ဖလ, ရဋ္ဌ အမ္ဗု, မဓွာဒယော.

145. Words of masculine and neuter gender include: dhamma, kamma, brahma, kusuma, saṅgama, paduma, assama, vihāra, sarīra, suvaṇṇa, vaṇṇa, kahāpaṇa, bhavana, bhuvana, yobbana, bhusana, āsana, sayana, odana, ākāsa, upavāsa, māsa, divasa, rasa, thala, phala, raṭṭha, ambu, madhu, and so on.

ဣတ္ထိနပုံသကလိင်္ဂ

Feminine and Neuter Gender.

၁၄၆. ဣတ္ထိနပုံသကလိင်္ဂါ – နဂရ, အစ္စိပ္ပမုခါ.

146. Words of feminine and neuter gender include: nagara (city), acci (flame), and so forth.

သဗ္ဗလိင်္ဂ

All Genders.

၁၄၇. သဗ္ဗလိင်္ဂါ [Pg.101] – တဋ ပုဋ ပတ္တ မဏ္ဍလ ကလသာ ဒယော, နာမီကတာ, သဗ္ဗနာမာနိ စ. ယထာ – တဋော, ဤမှိ – တဋီ, တဋမိစ္စာဒိ.

147. Words of all genders include: taṭa, puṭa, patta, maṇḍala, kalasa, and so on; proper nouns, and pronouns. For example: taṭo (masculine), taṭī (feminine, with the suffix -ī), taṭaṃ (neuter), and so on.

နာမီကတာ ယထာ – ဒေဝဒတ္တော, အာ – ဒေဝဒတ္တာ ဒေဝဒတ္တမိစ္စာဒိ.

Proper nouns, for example: devadatto (masculine), devadattā (feminine, with -ā), devadattaṃ (neuter), and so on.

သဗ္ဗနာမ

Pronouns.

၁၄၈. သဗ္ဗ[Pg.102], ကတရ, ကတမ, ဥဘယ, ဣတရ, အည, အညတရ, အညတမ, ပုဗ္ဗ, ပရ, အပရ, ဒက္ခိဏ, ဥတ္တရ, ဧက, ယ, တ, ဧတ, ဣမ, အမု, ကိံ, တုမှ, အမှ-ဣတိ သဗ္ဗနာမာနိ.

148. Sabba, katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña, aññatara, aññatama, pubba, para, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara, eka, ya, ta, eta, ima, amu, kiṃ, tumha, amha—these are the pronouns.

သဗ္ဗော ဗုဒ္ဓေါဝ. အယံ ဝိသေသော.

'Sabba' is declined like 'buddha'. This is the special rule.

ယောတွေဝ.

Regarding 'yo'.

သဗ္ဗနာမကာရတေ ပဌမော.

From pronouns ending in 'a', the nominative plural...

သဗ္ဗာဒီနမကာရတော [Pg.103] ပရော ပဌမော ယော ဧတ္တံ ယာတိ သဗ္ဗေ.

After the final 'a' of 'sabba' and other pronouns, the nominative plural 'yo' becomes 'e'. Example: sabbe.

‘‘တယော နေဝ စ သဗ္ဗနာမေဟီ’’တိ နိသေဓာ သသ္မာသ္မိန္နံ အာယ အာ ဧ န ဟောန္တိ. သဗ္ဗဿ.

Because of the prohibition by the rule 'tayo neva ca sabbanāmehī,' the substitutions 'āya', 'ā', and 'e' for 'sa', 'smā', and 'smiṃ' do not occur. The form is sabbassa.

သဗ္ဗတော နံ သံသာနံ.

After 'sabba', 'naṃ' becomes 'saṃ' or 'sānaṃ'.

သဗ္ဗာဒိတော နံဣစ္စဿ သံသာနံ ဟောန္တိ.

After 'sabba' and other pronouns, the ending 'naṃ' becomes 'saṃ' or 'sānaṃ'.

အကာရော ဧဣတွေဝ.

The 'a' becomes 'e'.

သဗ္ဗနာမာနံ နမှိ စ.

Of pronouns, and before 'naṃ'.

နမှိ သဗ္ဗာဒီနမကာရဿ ဧ ဟောတိ. သဗ္ဗေသံ, သဗ္ဗေသာနံ.

Before the ending 'naṃ', the final 'a' of 'sabba' and other pronouns becomes 'e'. Examples: sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ.

၁၄၉. ဣတ္ထိယံ [Pg.104] အာ, သဗ္ဗာ ကညာဝ. အယံ ဝိသေသော. ဝါတွေဝ.

149. In the feminine, the stem ends in 'ā'; 'sabbā' is declined like 'kaññā'. This is the special rule, and what follows is optional.

ဃပတော သ္မိံသာနံ သံသာ.

After stems designated 'gha' or 'pa', the endings 'smiṃ' and 'sā' become 'saṃ' and 'sā' respectively.

ဃပသညာတော သဗ္ဗာဒိတော သ္မိံသာနံ သံသာ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ.

After pronouns designated 'gha' or 'pa', the endings 'smiṃ' and 'sā' optionally become 'saṃ' and 'sā' respectively.

‘‘သံသာသွေကဝစနေသု စေ’’တိ သာဂမော.

By the rule 'saṃsāsvekavacanesu ce,' the augment 'sa' is inserted.

ဃော ရဿံ.

A stem designated 'gha' is shortened.

ဧကဝစနသံသာသု ဃော ရဿံ ယာတိ. သဗ္ဗဿာ, သဗ္ဗာယ. သဗ္ဗာသံ, သဗ္ဗာသာနံ. သဗ္ဗဿံ, သဗ္ဗာယံ. သဗ္ဗာသု.

Before the singular endings 'saṃ' and 'sā', a stem designated 'gha' is shortened. Examples: sabbassā, sabbāya. Sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ. Sabbassaṃ, sabbāyaṃ. Sabbāsu.

နေတာဟိ သ္မိမာယယာ.

From these, 'smiṃ' does not become 'āya' or 'yā'.

ဃပညာဟိ သဗ္ဗာဒီဟိ သ္မိနော အာယ ယာ န ဟောန္တိ.

After pronouns designated 'gha' or 'pa', the ending 'smiṃ' does not become 'āya' or 'yā'.

၁၅၀. နပုံသကေ [Pg.105] – သဗ္ဗံ. သဗ္ဗာနိ. ဧဝံ ဒုတိယာ.

150. In the neuter: sabbaṃ (nominative singular); sabbāni (nominative plural). The accusative is the same.

သဗ္ဗာဒယော နပုံသကေ တတိယာဒီသု သကသကပုမသမာ. ဧဝံ ယ - သဒ္ဒန္တာ.

'Sabba' and other pronouns, in the neuter, from the instrumental case onwards, are the same as their respective masculine forms. Similarly for words ending in 'ya'.

၁၅၁. ပုဗ္ဗပရာပရေဟိ တု သ္မိနော ‘‘ယဒနုပပန္နာ နိပါတနာ သိဇ္ဈန္တီ’’တိ အနိတ္ထိယံ ဧ ဝါ. ပုဗ္ဗေ, ပုဗ္ဗသ္မိံဣစ္စာဒိ.

151. However, after 'pubba,' 'para,' and 'apara' (not in the feminine), the locative singular 'smiṃ' optionally becomes 'e', based on the principle that 'what is not otherwise accounted for is established by special rule.' Examples: pubbe, pubbasmiṃ, and so on.

ဧကသဒ္ဒေါ သင်္ချာတုလျညာသဟာယတ္ထော. ယဒါ သင်္ချတ္ထော, တဒေကဝစနော, အညတ္ထ သဗ္ဗဝစနော စ.

The word 'eka' has the meanings of number, same, other, and alone. When it has the meaning of number, it is only in the singular. In other meanings, it is in all numbers.

ယာဒီနမာလပနံ နတ္ထိ.

For 'ya' and other relative pronouns, there is no vocative case.

၁၅၂. တ, သိ.

152. Ta + si.

သိမှိ သံ အနပုံသကဿေတွေဝ.

Regarding `si` [nominative singular]: `sa` for a non-neuter stem only.

ဧတတေသံ တော.

Of 'eta' and 'ta', the 't'...

သိမှိ အနပုံသကာနံ ဧတတဣစ္စေတေသံ တကာရဿ သ ဟောတိ. သော.

When `si` [nominative singular] follows, for the non-neuter stems 'eta' and 'ta', the letter 't' becomes 's'. Example: so.

တဿ ဝါ နတ္တံ သဗ္ဗတ္ထ.

The 't' of 'ta' optionally becomes 'n' everywhere.

တိလိင်္ဂေသု [Pg.106] သဗ္ဗာဒီနံ တကာရဿ နော ဝါ ဟောတိ. နေ, တေ. သေသံ သဗ္ဗသမံ, နတ္တံဝ ဝိသေသော.

In the three genders, the 't' of the pronouns of the 'sabba' group optionally becomes 'n'. Examples: ne, te. The rest is the same as 'sabba'; the optional change to 'n' is the only difference.

၁၅၃. ဣတ္ထိယံ – သာ, နာ, နာယော, တာ, တာယောဣစ္စာဒိ.

153. In the feminine: sā, nā, nāyo, tā, tāyo, and so on.

ဝါတွေဝ.

Optionally only.

တတော သဿ ဿာယ.

After that, 'sa' becomes 'ssāya'.

တာဧတာဣမာဟိ သဿ ဿာယော ဝါ ဟောတိ.

After 'tā', 'etā', and 'imā', the ending 'sa' optionally becomes 'ssāya'.

သံသာသွေကဝစနေသု ဣဣတွေဝ.

Before the singular endings `saṃ` and `sā`, only the substitution `i` occurs.

တဿာ ဝါ.

Optionally for 'tā'.

ဧကဝစနသံသာသု တာသဒ္ဒဿ အာ ဣတ္တံ ဝါ ယာတိ. တိဿာယ, တိဿာ, တဿာ, တာယ. တာသံ, တာသာနံ. တိဿံ, တဿံ, တာယံ. တာသု.

Before the singular endings `saṃ` and `sā`, the `ā` of the word `tā` optionally becomes `i`. Examples: tissāya, tissā, tassā, tāya. Tāsaṃ, tāsānaṃ. Tissaṃ, tassaṃ, tāyaṃ. Tāsu.

၁၅၄. နပုံသကေ [Pg.107] – တံဣစ္စာဒိ.

154. In the neuter: taṃ, and so on.

၁၅၅. ဧသော. သေသံ သဗ္ဗသမံ.

155. Eso. The rest is the same as 'sabba'.

၁၅၆. ဣတ္ထိယံ – ဧသာ.

156. In the feminine: esā.

သံသာသွေကဝစနေသွေတွေဝ.

Only before the singular endings `saṃ` and `sā`.

ဧတိမာသမိ.

For 'etā' and 'imā', the substitution is 'i'.

ဧကဝစနသံသာသု ဧတာဣမာနမန္တဿ ဣ ဟောတိ. ဧတိဿာယ, ဧတိသာ, ဧတာယ. ဧတာသံ, ဧတာသာနံ. ဧတိဿံ, ဧတဿံ, ဧတာယံ. ဧတာသု. သေသံ သဗ္ဗာဝ.

Before the singular endings `saṃ` and `sā`, the final vowel of 'etā' and 'imā' becomes 'i'. Examples: etissāya, etissā, etāya. Etāsaṃ, etāsānaṃ. Etissaṃ, etassaṃ, etāyaṃ. Etāsu. The rest is like 'sabbā'.

၁၅၇. နပုံသကေ – ဧတံ ဣစ္စာဒိ.

157. In the neuter: etaṃ, and so on.

၁၅၈. ဣမ, သိ.

158. Ima + si.

‘‘အနပုံသကဿာယံ သိမှီ’’တိ ဣမဿ အယံ. သိလောပေါ. အယံ, ဣမေ. ဣမံ, ဣမေ.

By the rule 'anapuṃsakassāyaṃ simhi,' for 'ima' the substitute is 'ayaṃ'. There is elision of 'si'. Forms: ayaṃ, ime. Imaṃ, ime.

‘‘အနိမိ နာမှိ စေ’’တိ ဣမဿ အနော, ဣမိ စ. အနေန, ဣမိနာ.

By the rule 'animi nāmhi ce,' for 'ima' the substitutes are 'ana' and 'imi'.

‘‘သဗ္ဗဿိမဿေ ဝါ’’တိ သုနံဟိသု ဧဝါ. ဧဟိ, ဣမေဟိ. ဝါ သ္မာသသ္မိံသံသာသွတ္တန္တွေဝ.

By the rule 'sabbassimassa e vā,' before `su` and `naṃ`, the substitution is optionally `e`. Examples: ehi, imehi. Optionally, before `smā`, `sa`, `smiṃ`, `saṃ`, and `sā`, the final vowel becomes `a`.

ဣမသဒ္ဒဿ စ.

And for 'ima'.

သသ္မာသ္မိံသံသာသု [Pg.108] ဣမဿ အတ္တံ ဝါ ဟောတိ. အဿ, ဣမဿ. ဧသံ, ဧသာနံ, ဣမေသံ, ဣမေသာနံ. အသ္မာ, ဣမမှာ, ဣမသ္မာ. ဧဟိ, ဣမေဟိ. အသ္မိံ, ဣမမှိ, ဣမသ္မိံ. ဧသု, ဣမေသု.

Before the endings `sa`, `smā`, `smiṃ`, `saṃ`, and `sā`, 'ima' optionally becomes 'a'. Examples: assa, imassa. Esaṃ, esānaṃ, imesaṃ, imesānaṃ. Asmā, imamhā, imasmā. Ehi, imehi. Asmiṃ, imamhi, imasmiṃ. Esu, imesu.

အတ္တပက္ခေ – ‘‘န တိမေဟိ ကတာကာရေဟီ’’တိ သ္မာသ္မိန္နံ မှာမှိ န သိဇ္ဈန္တေ.

In the case where the stem is 'a', by the rule 'na timehi katākārehi,' the substitutions 'mhā' and 'mhi' for 'smā' and 'smiṃ' do not occur.

၁၅၉. ဣတ္ထိယံ – အယံ. သေသံ ဧတာဝ, သံသာသွတ္တံဝ ဝိသေသော.

159. In the feminine: ayaṃ. The rest is like 'etā'; the change to 'a' before 'saṃ' and 'sā' is the only difference.

၁၆၀. နပုံသကေ – သဝိဘတ္တိဿ ဝါတွေဝ.

160. In the neuter gender: for the stem with its case ending, the rule is optional.

‘‘ဣမဿိဒမံသိသု နပုံသကေ’’တိ ဣမဿ ဣဒံ ဝါ. ဣဒံ, ဣမံ ဣမေ, ဣမာနိ. ဧဝံ ဒုတိယာ.

By the rule 'imassidamaṃsisu napuṃsake,' the stem 'ima' optionally becomes 'idaṃ' before the neuter endings 'aṃ' and 'si'. Forms: idaṃ, imaṃ, ime, imāni. The accusative is likewise.

၁၆၁. အမု[Pg.109], သိ.

161. Amu + si.

ဝါ အနပုံသကဿ သိမှိတွေဝ.

Optionally for a non-neuter stem in the nominative singular.

‘‘အမုဿ မော သံ’’တိ မဿ သော ဝါ, သိလောပေါ. အသု.

By the rule 'amussa mo saṃ,' the 'm' of 'amu' is optionally substituted by 's', and 'si' is elided. The form is: asu.

‘‘သဗ္ဗတော ကော’’တိ သဗ္ဗနာမတော ကာဂမော. ‘‘သော’’တိ ဩ, အမုကော, ပက္ခေ – အမု. အမူ, အမုယော.

By the rule 'sabbato ko,' the augment 'ka' is added after a pronoun. By the rule 'so,' the final vowel becomes 'o'. The form is: amuko. In the alternative case: amu. The plural forms are: amū, amuyo.

ပုဗ္ဗေဝ [Pg.110] ယောနံ ဝေါကာရော န. အမုံ. အမူ, အမုယော. သေသံ ဘိက္ခူဝ သဗ္ဗာဒိကာရိယာညတြ.

As before, the change of 'yo' to 'vo' does not occur. Forms: amuṃ; amū, amuyo. The remaining forms are like those of 'bhikkhu', except for the operations specific to pronouns.

၁၆၂. ဣတ္ထိယံ – အသု. သေသံ ယာဂုသမံ. ဝိသေသောယံ – အမုဿာ, အမုယာ. အမူသံ, အမူသာနံ. အမုဿံ, အမုယံ. အမူသု.

162. In the feminine gender: asu. The remaining forms are like those of 'yāgu'. The special forms are these: amussā, amuyā; amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ; amussaṃ, amuyaṃ; amūsu.

၁၆၃. နပုံသကေ – သဝိဘတ္တိဿ အံသိသု နပုံသကေတွေဝ.

163. In the neuter gender: for the stem with its case ending, before the neuter endings 'aṃ' and 'si', the following rule applies.

‘‘အမုဿာဒုံ’’တိ အဒုံ. အဒုံ. အမူ, အမူနိ. ဧဝံ ဒုတိယာ.

By the rule 'amussāduṃ,' the substitute is 'aduṃ'. The form is: aduṃ. The plural forms are: amū, amūni. The accusative is likewise.

၁၆၄. ‘‘သေသေသု စေ’’တိ သဗ္ဗတ္ထ ကိဿ ကော. ကော, ကာ, ကံ ဣစ္စာဒိ. လိင်္ဂတ္တယေ သဗ္ဗသမော.

164. By the rule 'sesesu ce,' 'ki' becomes 'ka' everywhere. Forms: ko, kā, kaṃ, and so on. It is declined like 'sabba' in all three genders.

၁၆၅. တုမှ[Pg.112], သိ, အမှ, သိ.

165. Tumha + si, amha + si.

သဝိဘတ္တိဿ တုမှမှာနန္တျဓိကာရော.

The governing rule pertains to the substitution of 'tumha' and 'amha' along with their case endings.

တွမဟံ သိမှိ စ.

'Tvaṃ' and 'ahaṃ' are the substitutes when the nominative singular ending 'si' follows.

သိမှိ သဝိဘတ္တီနံ တုမှမှာနံ တွံ အဟံ ဟောန္တိ. စသဒ္ဒေန တုမှဿ တုဝံ စ. တွံ, တုဝံ, အဟံ. ယော – တုမှေ.

When the nominative singular ending 'si' follows, 'tumha' and 'amha' with their endings become 'tvaṃ' and 'ahaṃ' respectively. By the word 'ca', 'tumha' also becomes 'tuvaṃ'. The forms are: tvaṃ, tuvaṃ, ahaṃ. Before 'yo': tumhe.

‘‘မယံ ယောမှိ ပဌမေ’’တိ အမှဿ မယံ ဟောတိ. မယံ.

By the rule 'mayaṃ yomhi paṭhame,' 'amha' becomes 'mayaṃ' before the nominative plural 'yo'. The form is: mayaṃ.

၁၆၆. ‘‘တံမမမှီ’’တိ အမှိ တံ မံ ဟောန္တိ.

166. By the rule 'taṃmamamhī,' the stems become 'taṃ' and 'maṃ' before the accusative singular 'aṃ'.

‘‘တဝံ မမဉ္စ နဝါ’’တိ အမှိ တဝံ မမဉ္စ နဝါ.

By the rule 'tavaṃ mamañca navā,' before 'aṃ', they optionally become 'tavaṃ' and 'mamaṃ'.

‘‘တုမှဿ တုဝံ တွမမှီ’’တိ တုမှဿ တုဝံ, တွဉ္စ. တံ, တဝံ, တုဝံ, တွံ, မံ, မမံ.

By the rule 'tumhassa tuvaṃ tvaṃ amhi,' 'tumha' also becomes 'tuvaṃ' and 'tvaṃ'. The forms are: taṃ, tavaṃ, tuvaṃ, tvaṃ; maṃ, mamaṃ.

အာကန္တွေဝ.

Regarding 'ākaṃ'.

‘‘ဝါ ယောပ္ပဌမော’’တိ ဒုတိယာယောဿ အာကံ ဝါ. တုမှာကံ, တုမှေ. အမှာကံ, အမှေ.

By the rule 'vā yoppaṭhamo,' the accusative plural ending 'yo' optionally becomes 'ākaṃ'. The forms are: tumhākaṃ, tumhe; amhākaṃ, amhe.

၁၆၇. ‘‘နာမှိ တယာ မယာ’’တိ နာမှိ တယာ မယာ ဟောန္တိ. ‘‘တယာတယီနံ တကာရော တွတ္တံဝါ’’တိ တဿ တွော ဝါ. တွယာ, တယာ, မယာ. တုမှေဟိ, အမှေဟိ.

167. By the rule 'nāmhi tayā mayā,' before the ending 'nā', the substitutes are 'tayā' and 'mayā'. By the rule 'tayātayīnaṃ takāro tvattaṃ vā,' the 't' of 'tayā' optionally becomes 'tv'. The forms are: tvayā, tayā; mayā. The plural forms are: tumhehi, amhehi.

၁၆၈. ‘‘တဝ [Pg.113] မမ သေ’’တိ သေ တဝ မမ ဟောန္တိ.

168. By the rule 'tava mama se,' before 'sa' they become 'tava' and 'mama'.

‘‘တုယှံ မယှံ စေ’’တိ သေ တုယှံ မယှဉ္စ.

By the rule 'tuyhaṃ mayhaṃ ce,' before 'sa' they also become 'tuyhaṃ' and 'mayhaṃ'.

‘‘သဿံ’’တိ သဿ အံ ဝါ.

By the rule 'sassaṃ,' the ending 'sa' optionally becomes 'aṃ'.

‘‘အမှဿ မမံ သဝိဘတ္တိဿ သေ’’တိ သေ အမှဿ မမံ စ. တဝ, တုယှံ, တုမှံ, မမ, မယှံ, အမှံ, မမံ.

By the rule 'amhassa mamaṃ savibhattissa se,' before 'sa', 'amha' with its ending also becomes 'mamaṃ'. The forms are: tava, tuyhaṃ, tumhaṃ; mama, mayhaṃ, amhaṃ, mamaṃ.

‘‘တုမှမှေဟိ နမာကံ’’တိ နံဝစနဿ အာကံ. တုမှာကံ, အမှာကံ. သ္မာနာဝ.

By the rule 'tumhamhehi naṃ ākaṃ,' the ending 'naṃ' is substituted by 'ākaṃ'. The forms are: tumhākaṃ, amhākaṃ.

၁၆၉. ‘‘တုမှာမှာနံ တယိ မယီ’’တိ သ္မိမှိ တယိ မယိ ဟောန္တိ. တွေ ကတေ - တွယိ, တယိ, မယိ, တုမှေသု, အမှေသု. လိင်္ဂတ္တယေ သမံ.

169. By the rule 'tumhāmhānaṃ tayi mayi,' before the ending 'smiṃ', the substitutes are 'tayi' and 'mayi'. When the change to 'tv' is made, the form is 'tvayi'. The forms are: tvayi, tayi; mayi. The plural forms are: tumhesu, amhesu. They are the same in all three genders.

၁၇၀. နဝါတွေဝ.

170. It is indeed optional.

ပဒတော ဒုတိယာ စတုတ္ထီ ဆဋ္ဌီသု ဝေါနော.

After a word in a sentence, in the accusative, dative, and genitive cases, the enclitic forms 'vo' and 'no' are used.

အတ္ထဇ္ဇောတကာ ဝဏ္ဏာ ပဒံ, ဒုတိယာ စတုတ္ထီ ဆဋ္ဌီ ဗဟုဝစနေသု ပရေသု ပဒသ္မာ ပရေသံ သဝိဘတ္တီနံ တုမှာမှာနံ ဝေါနောကာရာ နဝါ ဟောန္တိ.

The letters that illuminate the meaning constitute a word. After a word, when the plural forms of the second, fourth, and sixth cases follow, 'vo' and 'no' are optional substitutes for the inflected forms of 'tumha' and 'amha'.

ရက္ခတု [Pg.114] ဝေါ, ပဿတု နော, ဒဒါတိ ဝေါ, ဒဒါဟိ နော, သဒ္ဓါ ဝေါ, သတ္ထာ နော.

May he protect you; may he see us; he gives to you; give to us; your faith; our teacher.

နဝါတိ ကိံ, ဧသော အမှာကံ သတ္ထာ.

Why 'optional'? [To allow for:] 'This is our teacher' (eso amhākaṃ satthā).

၁၇၁. ပဒတောတျဓိကာရော.

171. The governing rule is 'after a word'.

‘‘တေမေကဝစနေသု စေ’’တိ စတုတ္ထီဆဋ္ဌေကဝစနေသု တေ မေ ဟောန္တိ. ဒဒါမိ တေ, ဒဒါဟိ မေ, ဣဒံ တေ, အယံ မေ.

By the rule 'And 'te' and 'me' in the singular cases,' in the singular of the fourth and sixth cases, the substitutes 'te' and 'me' occur. [Examples:] I give to you; give to me; this is yours; this is mine.

‘‘နအမှီ’’တိ [Pg.115] အမှိ နိသေဓော. ပဿေထ တံ, အဇိနိ မံ.

By 'Not in the accusative singular,' there is a prohibition for the accusative singular. [Examples:] May you see thee (passetha taṃ); he conquered me (ajini maṃ).

‘‘ဝါ တတိယေ စေ’’တိ တတိယေကဝစနေ တေ မေ ဝါ ဟောန္တိ. ကတံ တေ တယာ ဝါ. ကတံ မေ မယာ ဝါ.

By 'And optionally in the third,' in the third case singular, 'te' and 'me' occur optionally. For example: done by you (kataṃ te or kataṃ tayā); done by me (kataṃ me or kataṃ mayā).

‘‘ဗဟုဝစနေသု ဝေါနော’’တိ တတိယာဗဟုဝစနေသု ဝေါ နော ဟောန္တိ. ဗဟုဝစနေ ပဌမေ ယောမှိ စ. ကတံ ဝေါ, ကတံ နော, ဂါမံ ဝေါ ဂစ္ဆေယျာထ, ဂါမံ နော ဂစ္ဆေယျာမ.

By 'In the plural, `vo` and `no`,' the substitutes `vo` and `no` occur in the third case plural, and also in the first (nominative) and second (accusative) case plural. [Examples:] Done by you (kataṃ vo); done by us (kataṃ no); you should go to the village (gāmaṃ vo gaccheyyātha); we should go to the village (gāmaṃ no gaccheyyāma).

သင်္ချာ

Numerals

၁၇၂. သင်္ချာ ဝုစ္စတေ.

172. The numerals are now explained.

ဧကသဒ္ဒေါ သဗ္ဗနာမေသု ဝုတ္တော.

The word 'eka' has been explained among the pronouns.

၁၇၃. ဒွါဒယော [Pg.117] အဋ္ဌာရသန္တာ ဗဟုဝစနန္တာ.

173. The numerals from 'dvi' (two) to 'aṭṭhārasa' (eighteen) are always in the plural.

သဝိဘတ္တိဿ, ဣတ္ထိပုမနပုံသကသင်္ချန္တိ စာဓိကာရော.

The governing rules are 'of the inflected stem,' 'feminine, masculine, and neuter,' and 'numeral'.

‘‘ယောသု ဒွိန္နံ ဒွေ စေ’’တိ ဒွိဿ ဒွေ ဟောတိ. ဒွေ, ဒွေ, ဒွီဘိ, ဒွီဟိ.

By the rule 'And for `dvi`, `dve` in the nominative/accusative plural,' the form of `dvi` becomes `dve`. [Examples:] `dve` (nom.), `dve` (acc.), `dvībhi`/`dvīhi` (instr.).

နော စ ဒွါဒိတော နမှိ.

And there is no vowel lengthening for `dvi` and the following numerals before the genitive plural ending.

နမှိ ဒွါဒိတော နကာရာဂမော ဟောတိ. ဒွိန္နံ, ဒွီသု, လိင်္ဂတ္တယေ သမံ.

When the genitive plural ending `naṃ` follows, there is an augment of the letter `n` after `dvi` and the following numerals. [Examples:] `dvinnaṃ` (gen.), `dvīsu` (loc.). It is the same in the three genders.

၁၇၄. တိစတုန္နံ တိဿော စတဿော တယော စတ္တာရော တီဏိ စတ္တာရိ.

174. For 'ti' (three) and 'catu' (four), the nominative/accusative forms are `tisso` and `catasso` (fem.), `tayo` and `cattāro` (masc.), and `tīṇi` and `cattāri` (neut.).

ယောသု ဣတ္ထိပုမနပုံသကေသု သဝိဘတ္တီနံ တိစတုန္နံ တိဿော စတဿော အာဒယော ဟောန္တိ. တယော, တယော, တီဘိ, တီဟိ, တိန္နံ.

In the nominative/accusative plural, for the inflected numerals 'ti' and 'catu' in the feminine, masculine, and neuter genders, the forms `tisso`, `catasso`, etc., occur. [Masculine examples:] `tayo` (nom./acc.), `tībhi`/`tīhi` (instr.), `tinnaṃ` (gen.).

‘‘ဣဏ္ဏမိဏ္ဏန္နံ တီဟိ သင်္ချာဟီ’’တိ တိသဒ္ဒတော နံဣစ္စဿ ဣဏ္ဏံ ဣဏ္ဏန္နံ စ. တိဏ္ဏံ, တိဏ္ဏန္နံ, တီသု.

By the rule '`iṇṇaṃ` and `iṇṇannaṃ` from the numeral `ti`,' after the word 'ti,' the genitive plural ending `naṃ` is replaced by `iṇṇaṃ` and `iṇṇannaṃ`. [Examples:] `tiṇṇaṃ`, `tiṇṇannaṃ` (gen.); `tīsu` (loc.).

၁၇၅. ဣတ္ထိယံ-တိဿော[Pg.118], တိဿော, တီဘိ, တီဟိ.

175. In the feminine: `tisso` (nom./acc.), `tībhi`/`tīhi` (instr.).

‘‘နော စာ’’ဒေါ စကာရေန နမှိ ဿံအာဂမော, ဝဂ္ဂန္တေတိဿနံ, တီသု.

By the `ca` in a previous rule, there is an augment of `ssa` before `naṃ`; and the final consonant of the varga is elided, forming `tissannaṃ`. The locative is `tīsu`.

၁၇၆. နပုံသကေ-တီဏိ, တီဏိ, တီဟိ.

176. In the neuter: `tīṇi` (nom./acc.), `tībhi`/`tīhi` (instr.).

၁၇၇. စတ္တာရော.

177. The numeral 'four'.

‘‘ဩသရေ စေ’’တီဟ စကာရေန ယောသု ဥဿ ဥရော. ‘‘တတော ယောနမောတူ’’တီဟ တုကာရေန ယောနံ ဩ. စတုရော. ဧဝံ ဒုတိယာ. စတူဟိ, စတုန္နံ, စတူသု.

Here, by the `ca` in the rule '`Osare ce`', `u` is replaced by `uro` before the nominative/accusative plural ending. By the `tu` in the rule '`Tato yonam o tu`', the `yo` ending is replaced by `o`, forming `caturo`. The accusative is similar. Other forms are: `catūhi` (instr.), `catunnaṃ` (gen.), `catūsu` (loc.).

၁၇၈. ဣတ္ထိယံ[Pg.119], စတဿော, စတဿော, စတူဟိ. ပုဗ္ဗေဝ ဿံအာဂမော. ယဒါဒိနာ ဥဿ အတ္တံ. စတဿန္နံ, စတူသု.

178. In the feminine: `catasso` (nom./acc.), `catūhi` (instr.). The augment `ssa` is added as before. By the rule beginning with `Yadā...`, `u` is replaced by `a`, forming `catassannaṃ` (gen.). The locative is `catūsu`.

၁၇၉. နပုံသကေ, စတ္တာရိ, စတ္တာရိ.

179. In the neuter: `cattāri` (nom./acc.).

၁၈၀. ‘‘ပဉ္စာဒီန မကာရော’’တိ ယောသု သဝိဘတ္တိဿ ပဉ္စာဒျန္တဿ အတ္တံ. ပဉ္စ, ပဉ္စ.

180. By the rule 'For `pañca` and the following, `a`,' before the nominative/accusative plural endings, the final vowel of the inflected stem for `pañca` and the following numerals becomes `a`. [Examples:] `pañca` (nom./acc.).

‘‘ပဉ္စာဒီန မတ္တံ’’တိ သုနံဟိသု ပဉ္စာဒျန္တဿ အတ္တံ. ဧဒီဃာနမပဝါဒေါယံ. ပဉ္စဟိ, ပဉ္စန္နံ, ပဉ္စသု. လိင်္ဂတ္တယေ သမံ.

By the rule 'For `pañca` and the following, shortness,' before the endings `su`, `naṃ`, and `hi`, the final vowel of `pañca` and the following numerals becomes short `a`. This is an exception to the rules of `e`-sandhi and vowel lengthening. [Examples:] `pañcahi` (instr.), `pañcannaṃ` (gen.), `pañcasu` (loc.). It is the same in the three genders.

၁၈၁. ဧဝံ ဆ သတ္တ အဋ္ဌ နဝ ဒသာဒယော အဋ္ဌာရသန္တာ.

181. Similarly for `cha` (six), `satta` (seven), `aṭṭha` (eight), `nava` (nine), `dasa` (ten), and the other numerals up to `aṭṭhārasa` (eighteen).

၁၈၂. ဝီသတျာဒယော [Pg.120] အာနဝုတိယာ ဣတ္ထိလိင်္ဂါ ဧကဝစနန္တာ, ဝီသတိ ရတ္တီဝ. ဧဝံ တိံသတိ.

182. The numerals from `vīsati` (twenty) up to `navuti` (ninety) are feminine in gender and singular in number. `Vīsati` is declined like `ratti`. Similarly for `tiṃsati` (thirty).

စတ္တာလီသံ ပညာသံ သဒ္ဒေဟိ ပရာသံ သဗ္ဗာသံ ဝိဘတ္တီနံ ‘‘သဗ္ဗာသမာ’’ဒေါတီဟ အာဒိသဒ္ဒေန လောပေါ, သဋ္ဌိ ဝီသတီ ဝ. ဧဝံ သတ္တတိ အသီတိ နဝုတိ.

For the words `cattālīsaṃ` (forty) and `paññāsaṃ` (fifty), all subsequent case endings are elided by the word `ādi` in the rule beginning '`Sabbāsamādo`'. `Saṭṭhi` (sixty) is declined like `vīsati`. Similarly for `sattati` (seventy), `asīti` (eighty), and `navuti` (ninety).

သတံ နပုံသကမေကဝစနန္တံ. ဧဝံ သဟဿာဒိ.

`Sataṃ` (one hundred) is neuter and singular. Similarly for `sahassa` (thousand) and the higher numerals.

ကောဋိ ဝီသတီဝ.

`Koṭi` (a crore) is declined like `vīsati`.

၁၈၃. ရာသိဘေဒေ [Pg.122] တု သဗ္ဗတ္ထ ဗဟုဝစနမ္ပိ. ယထာ-ဒွေဝီသတိယော ဗုဒ္ဓဒန္တာ. တိဿော ဝီသတိယော ဒိနဃဋိကာ. ဧဝမညတြ.

183. But when denoting distinct groups, the plural is also used everywhere. For example: `dve vīsatiyo buddhadantā` (two twenties of the Buddha's teeth); `tisso vīsatiyo dinaghaṭikā` (three twenties of day-measures). And so in other cases.

ဧသေသော ဧတန္တိပ္ပသိဒ္ဓိ, လောကဿ ဟောတိ ယတ္ထတ္ထေသု.

The convention for `esa`, `eso`, and `etaṃ` occurs in the world in their various meanings.

ထီပုမနပုံသကာနိတျုစ္စန္တေ, တာနိမာနိ လောကေနာတ္ထာ.

Feminine, masculine, and neuter are thus spoken of; these are the meanings in the world.

အလိင်္ဂ

Indeclinables

၁၈၄. အလိင်္ဂါ ဝုစ္စန္တေ.

184. The indeclinables are now explained.

ကွစိ တော ပဉ္စမျတ္ထေ.

Sometimes the suffix `to` is used in the sense of the fifth (ablative) case.

လိင်္ဂတော ပဉ္စမျတ္ထေ ကွစိ တောပ္ပစ္စယော ဟောတိ.

After a nominal stem, the suffix `to` sometimes occurs in the sense of the fifth (ablative) case.

‘‘တွာဒယော ဝိဘတ္တိသညာယော’’တိ တောပ္ပဘုတိဒါနျန္တာနံ ဝိဘတ္တိသညာ. တသ္မာ တဒန္တာနမ္ပိ ဝိဘတျန္တတ္တာ ပဒတ္တံ သိဒ္ဓန္တိ န ပုန ဝိဘတ္တိ. စောရသ္မာ စောရတော. ဧဝံ ပိတိတော, ဧတ္ထ ‘‘ပိတာဒီန မသိမှိ’’ တျတြာသိမှိဂ္ဂဟဏေန တောမှိ ပိတာဒီနံ ဥဿ ဣ.

By the rule '`Tvādayo vibhattisaññāyo`,' the suffixes from `to` up to `dāni` are designated as inflections. Therefore, since words ending in them are considered to end in an inflection, they attain the status of a word and are not inflected again. For example: `corasmā` or `corato` (from the thief). Similarly `pitito` (from the father); here, in the rule '`pitādīnamasimhi`', by the mention of `asimhi`, the `u` of `pitu` and other stems becomes `i` before `to`.

ဣမဿိ ထန္ဒာနိဟတောဓေသု စ.

And `i` is the substitute for the stem `ima` before the suffixes `tha`, `ṃ`, `dāni`, `ha`, `to`, and `dha`.

ထံအာဒီသု ပရေသု ဣမဿ ဣ ဟောတိ. ဣတော.

When the suffixes beginning with `thaṃ` follow, `i` is the substitute for `ima`. For example: `ito` (from this).

‘‘သဗ္ဗဿေတဿာကာရော ဝါ’’တိ တောထေသွေတဿ အတ္တံ ဝါ, အတော, ဧတ္တော. ပက္ခေ- ‘‘သရလောပါ’’ဒိနာ အကာရလောပေါ.

By the rule '`Sabbassetassākāro vā`,' `a` is the optional substitute for `eta` before `to` and `tha`, resulting in `ato`. In the alternative, `etto` is formed, where the `a` of `eta` is elided by the rule beginning '`Saralopo`'.

‘‘တြတောထေသု [Pg.126] စေ’’တိ ကိဿ ကု. ကုတော.

By the rule '`Tratothesu ce`,' `ku` is the substitute for `kiṃ`. For example: `kuto` (from where?).

‘‘ကွစိ တော’’တိ သုတ္တဒွိဓာကရဏေန သတ္တမျတ္ထေ စ တော ဟောတိ, အာဒိသ္မိံ, အာဒိတော.

By splitting the sutta '`Kvaci to`' into two, the suffix `to` also occurs in the sense of the seventh (locative) case. For example: `ādismiṃ` or `ādito` (at the beginning).

၁၈၅. ‘‘တြထ [Pg.127] သတ္တမိယာ သဗ္ဗနာမေဟီ’’တိ သတ္တမျတ္ထေ တြထပ္ပစ္စယာ ဟောန္တိ. သဗ္ဗသ္မိံ, သဗ္ဗတြ, သဗ္ဗတ္ထ, ဒွိတ္တံ. ဧဝံ အတြ, အတ္ထ. ဧတ္ထ ‘‘တြေ နိစ္စ’’န္တိ ပုဗ္ဗေ ဧတဿ အ. ကုတြ, ကုတ္ထ.

185. By the rule '`Tratha sattamiyā sabbanāmehī`,' the suffixes `tra` and `tha` occur in the sense of the locative. For example: `sabbasmiṃ`, `sabbatra`, or `sabbattha` (everywhere), with doubling. Similarly `atra` and `attha` (here); in these cases, by the rule '`tre niccaṃ`', `a` is the substitute for the preceding `eta`. Also `ettha` (here). And `kutra` or `kuttha` (where?).

‘‘သေသေသု စေ’’တိ ကာဒေသေ-ကတ္ထ.

By the rule '`Sesesu ce`,' with the substitution of `ka` for `kiṃ`, the form is `kattha` (where?).

၁၈၆. ‘‘ကိသ္မာ ဝေါ စေ’’တိ ဝပ္ပစ္စယော. ‘‘ကိဿ က ဝေစေ’’တိ ကော, ကကာရာကာရလောပေါ. ကွ.

186. By the rule '`Kismā vo ce`,' the suffix `va` is added. By the rule '`Kissa ka vece`,' `ka` is substituted for `kiṃ`, and then the `a` of `ka` is elided, resulting in `kva` (where?).

၁၈၇. ‘‘ဟိံ ဟံ ဟိဉ္စန’’န္တိ ကသ္မာ ဟိံ အာဒိပစ္စယာ. ‘‘ကု ဟိံ ဟံသု စေ’’တိ ကိဿ ကု. စကာရေန ဟိဉ္စနံ ဒါစနံသု စ. ကုဟိံ, ကုဟံ, ကုဟိဉ္စနံ.

187. By the rule '`Hiṃ haṃ hiñcanaṃ`,' the suffixes beginning with `hiṃ` are added after `kiṃ`. By the rule '`Ku hiṃ haṃsu ce`,' `ku` is substituted for `kiṃ`. By the `ca` in that rule, this also applies before `hiñcanaṃ` and `dācanaṃ`. Examples: `kuhiṃ` (where?), `kuhaṃ` (where?), `kuhiñcanaṃ` (wherever?).

၁၈၈. ‘‘တမှာ စေ’’တိ ဟိံဟံ. တဟိံ, တဟံ.

188. By the rule '`Tamhā ce`,' the suffixes `hiṃ` and `haṃ` are added. Examples: `tahiṃ`, `tahaṃ` (there).

၁၈၉. ‘‘ယတော ဟိံ’’တိ ဟိံ. ယဟိံ.

189. By the rule '`Yato hiṃ`,' the suffix `hiṃ` is added. Example: `yahiṃ` (where, wherein).

၁၉၀. ‘‘ဣမသ္မာ [Pg.128] ဟဓာ စေ’’တိ ဟဓာ. ဣဟ, ဣဓ.

190. By the rule '`Imasmā hadhā ce`,' the suffixes `ha` and `dhā` are added. Examples: `iha`, `idha` (here).

၁၉၁. ‘‘သဗ္ဗတော ဓီ’’တိ ဓိ. သဗ္ဗဓိ.

191. By the rule '`Sabbato dhī`,' the suffix `dhi` is added. Example: `sabbadhi` (everywhere).

၁၉၂. ကာလေတျဓိကာရော.

192. The governing rule is 'in the sense of time'.

‘‘ကိံသဗ္ဗညေကယကုဟိ ဒါဒါစန’’န္တိ ကိံ အာဒိတော ဒါ, ဒါစနံ စ. ကသ္မိံ ကာလေ ကဒါ, ကုဒါစနံ.

By the rule '`Kiṃsabbaññekayakuhi dādācanaṃ`,' the suffixes `dā` and `dācanaṃ` are added after `kiṃ`, etc. Examples: `kadā` (when?); `kudācanaṃ` (sometime).

‘‘သဗ္ဗဿ သော ဒါမှိ ဝါ’’တိ သဗ္ဗဿ သော ဝါ. သဒါ, သဗ္ဗဒါ.

By the rule '`Sabbassa so dāmhi vā`,' `sa` is the optional substitute for `sabba`. Examples: `sadā` or `sabbadā` (always).

၁၉၃. ‘‘တမှာ ဒါနိ စေ’’တိ ဒါနိ, ဒါ စ. တဒါနိ, တဒါ.

193. By the rule '`Tamhā dāni ce`,' the suffixes `dāni` and `dā` are added. Examples: `tadāni`, `tadā` (then).

၁၉၄. ယဒါဒိနာ ဣမသဒ္ဒါ, သမာနာပရေဟိ စ ယထာသင်္ချံ ဇ္ဇ ဇ္ဇုပ္ပစ္စယာ, ဣမ, သမာနာနံ အ, သာ စ. အဇ္ဇ, သဇ္ဇု, အပရဇ္ဇု.

194. By the rule beginning with `Yadā`, the suffix `jja` is added after `ima`, and `jju` is added after `samāna` and `apara`. `a` is the substitute for `ima`, and `sa` for `samāna`. Examples: `ajja` (today), `sajju` (on the same day), `aparajju` (on another day).

၁၉၅. ‘‘ဣမသ္မာ [Pg.129] ရဟိဓုနာဒါနိ စေ’’တိ ရဟျာဒိပ္ပစ္စယာ. ‘‘ဧတ ရဟိမှီ’’တိ ဣမဿ ဧတော. ဧတရဟိ.

195. By the rule '`Imasmā rahidhunādāni ce`,' the suffixes beginning with `rahi` are added. By the rule '`Eta rahimhi`,' `eta` is the substitute for `ima`, resulting in `etarahi` (now, at present).

‘‘အ ဓုနာမှိ စေ’’တိ ဣမဿ အ. အဓုနာ, ဣဒါနိ.

By the rule 'A dhunāmhi ce', `a` is the substitute for `ima`. Examples: `adhunā` (now), `idāni` (now).

၁၉၆. လောပံ ဣတွေဝ.

196. The governing rule is 'elision'.

သဗ္ဗာသမာဝုသောပသဂ္ဂနိပါတာဒီဟိ စ.

And elision of all inflections after vocatives, prefixes, particles, and so on.

ဧတေဟိ ပရာ သဗ္ဗာ ဝိဘတ္တီ လုပျန္တေ. တွံ အာဝုသော, တုမှေ အာဝုသော.

All inflections following these are elided. For example: `tvaṃ āvuso` (friend, you); `tumhe āvuso` (friends, you).

ဥပသဂ္ဂနိပါတ

Prefixes and Particles

၁၉၇. ဥပသဂ္ဂနိပါတာ ဝုစ္စန္တေ.

197. The prefixes and particles will now be spoken of.

ပ [Pg.130] ပရာ နိ နီ ဥ ဒု သံ ဝိ အဝ အနု ပရိ အဓိ အဘိ ပတိ သု အာ အတိ အပိ အပ ဥပ ဧတေ ဝီသတျုပသဂ္ဂါ.

Pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṃ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa—these are the twenty prefixes.

စ န ဝ ဝါ မာ ဟိ ဓိ စိ ကု တု နု စေ ရေ ဟေ သွေ ဝေ ဝေါ ခေါ နော တော ယံ နံ တံ ကိံ ဟန္ဒ ကိရ ဧဝ ကီဝ ယာဝ တာဝ ဝတ ဝထ အထ အင်္ဂ ဣင်္ဃ တဂ္ဃ အာမ နာမ နူန ပုန ပန အာဟ သဟ သက္ကာ လဗ္ဘာ ဟေဋ္ဌာ အာရာ ဒူရာ ဒိဝါ နဝါ ဝိနာ နာနာ အဒ္ဓါ မုဓာ မိစ္ဆာ ပစ္ဆာ အာဝိ သက္ခိ သစ္စိ သစ္ဆိ ဗဟိ ယဒိ ဣတိ ကိန္တိ အတ္ထိ သောတ္ထိ ခလု နနု ကိမု အဿု ယဂ္ဃေ သစေ ဟဝေ သုဝေ အရေ ပုရေ နမော တိရော အဓော အထော အဟော ရဟော ဟီယော ဘီယော အန္တော ပါတော သုဒံ ကလ္လံ ဧဝံ ဓုဝံ အလံ ဟလံ သယံ သာယံ သမံ သာမံ ကာမံ ပါရံ ဩရံ စိရံ ဟုရံ အဟံ သဟံ ဥစ္စံ နီစံ သကိံ သဒ္ဓိံ, အထဝါ အန္တရာ အာရကာ ဗာဟိရာ ဗဟိဒ္ဓါ ယာဝတာ တာဝတာ သမန္တာ သာမန္တာ အာမန္တာ သမ္မုခါ စရဟိ တရဟိ သမ္ပတိ အာယတိ ဥပရိ ယာဝဒေ တာဝဒေ တိရိယံ သနိကံ သသက္ကံ ဧတ္တာဝတာ ပရမ္မုခါ ကိတ္တာဝတာ ဧတရဟိ အညဒတ္ထု သေယျထိဒံ အပ္ပေဝနာမ ဘီယောသောမတ္တာယ ဣစ္စာဒယော နိပါတာ.

Ca, na, va, vā, mā, hi, dhi, ci, ku, tu, nu, ce, re, he, sve, ve, vo, kho, no, to, yaṃ, naṃ, taṃ, kiṃ, handa, kira, eva, kīva, yāva, tāva, vata, vatha, atha, aṅga, iṅgha, taggha, āma, nāma, nūna, puna, pana, āha, saha, sakkā, labbhā, heṭṭhā, ārā, dūrā, divā, navā, vinā, nānā, addhā, mudhā, micchā, pacchā, āvi, sakkhi, sacci, sacchi, bahi, yadi, iti, kinti, atthi, sotthi, khalu, nanu, kimu, assu, yagghe, sace, have, suve, are, pure, namo, tiro, adho, atho, aho, raho, hīyo, bhīyo, anto, pāto, sudaṃ, kallaṃ, evaṃ, dhuvaṃ, alaṃ, halaṃ, sayaṃ, sāyaṃ, samaṃ, sāmaṃ, kāmaṃ, pāraṃ, oraṃ, ciraṃ, huraṃ, ahaṃ, sahaṃ, uccaṃ, nīcaṃ, sakiṃ, saddhiṃ; and also: antarā, ārakā, bāhirā, bahiddhā, yāvatā, tāvatā, samantā, sāmantā, āmantā, sammukhā, carahi, tarahi, sampati, āyati, upari, yāvade, tāvade, tiriyaṃ, sanikaṃ, sasakkaṃ, ettāvatā, parammukhā, kittāvatā, etarahi, aññadatthu, seyyathidaṃ, appevanāma, bhīyosomattāya—these and others are particles.

၁၉၈. သဒိသာ [Pg.134] ယေ တိလိင်္ဂေသု, သဗ္ဗာသု စ ဝိဘတ္တီသု.

198. Those that are the same in the three genders and in all the cases,

ဝစနေသု စ သဗ္ဗေသု, တေ နိပါတာတိ ကိတ္တိတာ.

and in all the numbers, they are declared to be particles.

ယထာ [Pg.135] – ဥစ္စံ ရုက္ခော, လတာ, ဃရံ ဝါ, ဥစ္စံ ရုက္ခော. ဟေ ရုက္ခ, ရုက္ခံ, ရုက္ခေန, ရုက္ခဿ, ရုက္ခသ္မာ, ရုက္ခေ ဝါ ဣစ္စာဒိ. ဥစ္စံ ရုက္ခော, ရုက္ခာ ဝါ ဣစ္စာဒိ. ဧဝံ လတာ, ဃရာနိ.

For example: a high tree, a creeper, or a house. The particle `uccaṃ` (high) remains unchanged with `rukkho` (tree) in all cases: O tree, a tree, by a tree, of a tree, from a tree, or in a tree, and so on. And in both numbers: a high tree, or high trees, and so on. Similarly for `latā` (creeper) and `gharāni` (houses).

၁၉၉.

199.

ဥဘယေသု ဝိဘတျတ္တ -ကြိယဒေသ သမယ ဒိသာဂုဏတ္ထေဟိ;

သဗ္ဗာပိ ယထာယောဂံ,ဝိဘတ္တိယောညေဟိ တုပ္ပဌမာ.

With both kinds of indeclinables, case endings are employed in the senses of action, place, time, direction, and qualities, all according to what is appropriate. With others, however, the case endings are other than the first.

တံ ယထာ – အဓိအန္တောသဒ္ဒေဟိ သတ္တမီ. သယံသဒ္ဒါ တတိယာ, ဆဋ္ဌီ စ. နမောသဒ္ဒါ ပဌမာ, ဒုတိယာ စ. ပါရံသဒ္ဒါ သတ္တမီ. ဒိဝါသဒ္ဒါ ပဌမာ, ဒုတိယာ, သတ္တမီ စ. ဟေဋ္ဌာသဒ္ဒါ သတ္တမီ. ဥစ္စံသဒ္ဒါ သဗ္ဗာပိ. ပသဒ္ဒါ စ စသဒ္ဒါ စ ပဌမာ, ဟေသဒ္ဒါ အာလပနေ ပဌမာ. တထာညေဟိပိ.

For example: with the words `adhi` and `anto`, the seventh case is used. With the word `sayaṃ`, the third and sixth cases. With the word `namo`, the first and second cases. With the word `pāraṃ`, the seventh case. With the word `divā`, the first, second, and seventh cases. With the word `heṭṭhā`, the seventh case. With the word `uccaṃ`, all cases. With the words `pa` and `ca`, the first case; with the word `he` in address, the first case. Similarly with others.

၂၀၀. ဥပသဂ္ဂါ [Pg.136] သဗ္ဗေပိ သဒ္ဒန္တရေန သဟ ပယုဇ္ဇန္တေ. နိပါတာ တု ကေစိ ဝိသုမ္ပိ. ယထာ – ပဟာရော, ပဟရတိ, သာ စ သော စ ဘာသတိ ဝါ ကရောတိ ဝါ, သောတ္ထိတျာဒိ.

200. All prefixes are used in conjunction with another word. Some particles, however, are also used separately. For example: `pahāro` (a blow), `paharati` (he strikes); `sā ca so ca` (she and he); `bhāsati vā karoti vā` (speaks or acts); `sotthi` (well-being), and so on.

၂၀၁. ဧကေကလိင်္ဂံ [Pg.137] ဒွိလိင်္ဂံ, တိလိင်္ဂံ စာပျလိင်္ဂိကံ.

201. Some are of one gender, some of two genders, some of three genders, and some are without gender.

စတုဓေတိ နာမံ နာမံ, နမတျတ္ထန္တိ ကိတ္တိတံ.

Thus the noun is fourfold. It is called a 'noun' (nāma) because it is said to incline (namati) towards a meaning.

နာမိကံ.

The Section on Nouns

၃. သမာသကဏ္ဍ

3. The Chapter on Compounds

သမာသလက္ခဏာဒိ

The Characteristics of Compounds, etc.

၂၀၂. နာမာနံ [Pg.138] သမာသော ယုတ္တတ္ထောတျဓိကာရော. သမာသောတိ ဘိန္နတ္ထာနံ ပဒါန မေကတ္ထတာ. ယုတ္တတ္ထောတိ အညမညသမ္ဗန္ဓတ္ထော.

202. The compounding of nouns has a connected meaning: this is the governing rule. Compounding is the unification of meaning of words with different meanings into a single meaning. Connected meaning is a meaning of mutual relation.

ဝိဘာသာတျဓိကာတဗ္ဗံ [Pg.142] ဝါကျတ္ထံ.

The governing rule 'optionally' should be supplied, with reference to the meaning of the analytical phrase.

ကမ္မဓာရယသမာသ

Appositional Compounds

၂၀၃. ‘‘မဟန္တော စ သော ဝီရော စာ’’တိ ဝါကျေ –

203. In the phrase 'Mahanto ca so vīro ca' (He is great and he is a hero)—

ဒွိပဒေ တုလျာဓိကရဏေ ကမ္မဓာရယော.

When two words are in apposition, it is a Kammadhāraya compound.

ဘိန္နပ္ပဝတ္တိနိမိတ္တာ [Pg.143] သဒ္ဒါ ဧကသ္မိံ ဝတ္ထုနိ ပဝတ္တာ တုလျာဓိကရဏာ, ဝိသေသနဝိသေသဿဘူတာ သမာနာဓိကရဏာ ဒွေ ပဒါ ယဒါ သမသျန္တေ, တဒါ သော သမာသော ကမ္မဓာရယော

Words that have different grounds for application but which refer to a single entity are in apposition. When two such words, which are a qualifier and a qualified and are in the same case, are compounded, that compound is a Kammadhāraya.

နာမ[Pg.144], ဣဓ ဝါ သမာသသုတ္တာနိ သညာဒွါရေန သမာသဝိဓာယကာနိ.

Indeed, the rules for compounds here prescribe compounding by means of a technical term (saññā).

အဂ္ဂဟိတဝိသေသနာ [Pg.146] ဗုဒ္ဓိ ဝိသေဿမှိ န ဥပ္ပဇ္ဇတီတိ ဝိသေသနံ ပုဗ္ဗံ ဟောတိ, သမာသေနေဝ တုလျာဓိကရဏတ္တဿ ဝုတ္တတ္တာ တပ္ပကာသနတ္ထံ ပယုတ္တာ သမာသတော အတိရိတ္တာ စ သော ဣစ္စေတေ ‘‘ဝုတ္တဋ္ဌာနမပ္ပယောဂေါ’’တိ ဉာယာ နပ္ပယုဇ္ဇန္တေ. ဧဝမညတြ.

Since understanding of the qualified does not arise without grasping the qualifier, the qualifier is placed first. And since the appositional relationship is expressed by the compound itself, the words `ca` (and) and `so` (he), which are used to clarify it and are external to the compound, are not employed, according to the maxim, 'What is already expressed should not be stated.' Similarly elsewhere.

တေသံ ဝိဘတ္တိယော လောပါ စ.

And the elision of their case endings.

တေသံ ယုတ္တတ္ထာနံ သမာသာနံ ပုဗ္ဗုတ္တရပဒါနံ ဝိဘတ္တီ လုပျန္တေ, စကာရေန ကွစိ န.

Of those compounds with a connected meaning, the case endings of the first and subsequent members are elided; but owing to the word `ca` in the rule, sometimes they are not.

တတော မဟန္တ ဝီရ ဣတိ စ ရူပပ္ပသင်္ဂေ –

Then, when the form `mahanta vīra` would result—

ပကတိ စဿ သရန္တဿ.

And the original form of that which ends in a vowel is restored.

ဝိဘတ္တီသု [Pg.147] လုတ္တာသု သရန္တဿ ပုဗ္ဗဘူတဿ, ပရဘူတဿ စ အဿ သမာသပဒဿ ပကတိ ဟောတီတီဟ လုတ္တာကာရာ ပုနာနီယန္တေ.

When the case endings have been elided, the original form of a compound member ending in a vowel, whether it is the first or the subsequent member, is restored. Thus, here, the elided '-a' vowels are brought back.

တတော မဟန္တ ဝီရဣတိ ဌိတေ –

Then, when the form is 'mahanta vīra'—

‘‘မဟတံ [Pg.149] မဟာ တုလျာဓိကရဏေ ပဒေ’’တိ မဟန္တဿ မဟာ.

By the rule 'mahā for mahat when an appositional word follows,' mahanta becomes mahā.

တဒ္ဓိတ သမာသ ကိတကာ နာမံဝါတဝေတုနာဒီသု စ.

Derivatives with taddhita suffixes, compounds, and derivatives with kitaka suffixes are treated as nouns, except for those ending in suffixes such as -tave and -tuṃ.

တဒ္ဓိတာဒယော နာမံ ဣဝ ဒဋ္ဌဗ္ဗာ တဝေပ္ပဘုတိပစ္စယေ ဝဇ္ဇေတွာ.

Taddhita derivatives and the others should be regarded as nouns, with the exception of suffixes such as -tave.

တတော [Pg.150] ဝတ္တိစ္ဆာယ သျာဒိ. မဟာဝီရော, မဟာဝီရာဣစ္စာဒိ.

Then, by application of the declensional endings beginning with si, the forms Mahāvīro, Mahāvīrā, etc., are derived.

၂၀၄. ကမ္မဓာရယော [Pg.152] ဒွန္ဒော စ, တပ္ပုရိသော စ လာဘိနော.

204. The Kammadhāraya, the Dvanda, and the Tappurisa compounds take

တယော ပရပဒေ လိင်္ဂံ, ဗဟုဗ္ဗီဟိ ပဒန္တရေ.

the gender of the final member, whereas a Bahubbīhi takes it from another word to which it refers.

၂၀၅. ရတ္တာ စ သာ ပဋီ စာတိ ရတ္တပဋီ, မဟန္တီ စ သာ သဒ္ဓါ စာတိ မဟာသဒ္ဓါ. ဧတ္ထ ‘‘ကမ္မဓာရယသညေ စေ’’တိ ပုဗ္ဗပဒေ ပုမေဝ ကတေ အာဤပစ္စယာနံ နိဝုတ္တိ.

205. Rattā ca sā paṭī cāti rattapaṭī (a red cloth); mahantī ca sā saddhā cāti mahāsaddhā (great faith). Here, when the first member is treated as masculine by the rule concerning the Kammadhāraya designation, the feminine suffixes -ā and -ī are dropped.

၂၀၆. နီလဉ္စ တံ ဥပ္ပလဉ္စာတိ နီလုပ္ပလံ, သတ္ထီဝ သတ္ထိ, သတ္ထိ စ သာ သာမာ စာတိ သတ္ထိသာမာ. မုခမေဝ စန္ဒော မုခစန္ဒော.

206. Nīlaṃ ca taṃ uppalaṃ ca iti nīluppalaṃ (a blue lotus); satthi ca sā sāmā ca iti satthisāmā (a dark sword); mukhameva cando iti mukhacando (a moon-like face).

ဝိသေသနဝိသေဿာနံ [Pg.154] ယထေစ္ဆတ္တာ ကွစိ ဝိသေသနံ ပရံ ဟောတိ, ခတ္တိယဘူတောဣစ္စာဒိ, ဣစ္ဆာ စ ယထာတန္တိ.

Because there is freedom of choice regarding the position of the qualifier and the qualified, sometimes the qualifier is placed second, as in khattiyabhūto (one who has become a khattiya), etc. And this choice is in accordance with the grammatical system.

ဥဘေ တပ္ပုရိသ သမာသ

Both are Tappurisa compounds.

၂၀၇. နသဒ္ဒါ သိ, တဿ လောပေါ. န သုရော အသုရော.

207. From the word 'na' comes the nominative singular ending 'si', which is elided. 'Na suro' becomes 'asuro' (not a god, an asura).

ဧတ္ထ ကမ္မဓာရယေ ကတေ – ‘‘ဥဘေ တပ္ပုရိသာ’’တိ တပ္ပုရိသသညာ. ‘‘အတ္တန္နဿ တပ္ပုရိသေ’’တိ နဿ အ. န အဿော အနဿော. ဧတ္ထ ‘‘သရေ အန’’တိ နဿ အန.

Here, when a Kammadhāraya compound is formed, by the rule 'ubhe tappurisā,' it receives the designation 'Tappurisa.' By the rule 'attannassa tappurise,' 'na' becomes 'a.' 'Na asso' becomes 'anasso' (not a horse, a non-horse). Here, by the rule 'sare ana,' 'na' becomes 'ana.'

၂၀၈. ‘‘နာမာနံ [Pg.155] သမာသော’’တိ သုတ္တေ ဒွိဓာကတေ အယုတ္တတ္ထာနမ္ပိ ကွစိ သမာသော. န ပုန ဂေယျာ အပုနဂေယျာ ဂါထေတျာဒိ. ဧတ္ထ ဂေယျေန သမ္ဗန္ဓော န-သဒ္ဒေါ အယုတ္တတ္ထေနာပိ ပုနေန ယောဂဝိဘာဂဗလာ သမသျတေ.

208. By splitting the rule 'Nāmānaṃ samāso' (Compounding of Nouns), a compound is sometimes formed even with words of incongruous meaning. For example, 'apunageyyā gāthā' (a verse not to be sung again). Here, the word 'na,' though connected in meaning with 'geyyā,' is compounded with 'puna,' which is incongruous, by the force of splitting the rule (yogavibhāga).

ဒိဂုသမာသ

The Digu Compound

၂၀၉. တယော [Pg.156] လောကာ သမာဟဋာ တိလောကံ.

209. 'Three worlds gathered together' becomes 'tilokaṃ' (the three worlds).

ဧတ္ထ ‘‘သင်္ချာပုဗ္ဗော ဒိဂူ’’တိ ကမ္မဓာရယဿ ဒိဂုသညာ. ‘ဒိဂုဿေကတ္တံ’’တိ ဧကတ္တံ, နပုံသကတ္တဉ္စ.

Here, by the rule 'saṅkhyāpubbo digū,' a Kammadhāraya compound receives the designation 'Digu.' By the rule 'Digussekattaṃ,' it becomes singular and neuter.

သုဒ္ဓတပ္ပုရိသသမာသ

The Pure Tappurisa Compound

၂၁၀. တပ္ပုရိသာ [Pg.157] တွေဝ.

210. The Tappurisa Compounds Proper

အမာဒယော ပရပဒေဟိ.

Words ending in 'aṃ' and so on are compounded with subsequent words.

ဒုတိယန္တာဒယော ပရပဒေဟိ နာမေဟိ ယဒါ သမသျန္တေ, တဒါ သော သမာသော တပ္ပုရိသော နာမ.

When words ending in the second case ending and so on are compounded with subsequent nouns, that compound is called a 'Tappurisa'.

ဂါမံ [Pg.158] ဂတော ဂါမဂတော.

'Gāmaṃ gato' (gone to the village) becomes 'gāmagato'.

‘‘ပဿ ဝါသိဋ္ဌ ဂါမံ, ဂတော တိဿော သာဝတ္ထိံ’’တျ တြာယုတ္တတ္ထတာယ န သမာသော. တထာ ညတြ ဉေယျံ.

In the sentence 'Passa vāsiṭṭha gāmaṃ, gato tisso sāvatthiṃ' (See, Vāsiṭṭha, the village; Tissa has gone to Sāvatthī), there is no compounding due to the lack of semantic connection. This should be understood similarly in other cases.

၂၁၁. ရညာ [Pg.159] ဟတော ရာဇဟတော.

211. 'Raññā hato' (killed by the king) becomes 'rājahato'.

ကိစ္စန္တေဟိ ဘီယော အဓိကတ္ထဝစနေ.

Compounding with words ending in kicca suffixes often occurs when an additional meaning is expressed.

တဗ္ဗ, အနီယ, ဏျ, တေယျ, ရိစ္စပ္ပစ္စယာ ကိစ္စာ. ထုတိနိန္ဒတ္ထမဇ္ဈာရောပိတတ္ထံ ဝစနံ အဓိကတ္ထဝစနံ. သောဏလေယျော ကူပေါဣစ္စာဒိ. သောဏေဟိ ယထာ လိယှတေ, တထာ ပုဏ္ဏတ္တာ ထုတိ. တေဟိ ဥစ္ဆိဋ္ဌတ္တာ နိန္ဒာ စ.

The suffixes -tabba, -anīya, -ṇya, -teyya, and -ricca are the kicca (gerundive) suffixes. A statement in which a meaning of praise or blame is superimposed is a 'statement with an additional meaning.' For example, 'soṇaleyyo kūpo' (a well to be licked by dogs). Just as it is licked by dogs, there is praise on account of its fullness; and there is blame on account of it being their leavings.

ဒဓိနာ ဥပသိတ္တံ ဘောဇနံ ဒဓိဘောဇနံ, သမာသပဒေနေဝ ဥပသိတ္တကြိယာယ ကထနာ နတ္ထေတ္ထာယုတ္တတ္ထတာ. ဥပသိတ္တသဒ္ဒါပ္ပယောဂေါ ပုဗ္ဗေဝ.

'Dadhinā upasittaṃ bhojanaṃ' (food sprinkled with curd) becomes 'dadhibhojanaṃ.' Since the action of sprinkling is expressed by the compound word itself, there is no incongruity here. The non-use of the word 'upasitta' has already been established.

၂၁၂. ကရဏေ [Pg.160] တု-အသိနာ ကလဟော အသိကလဟော.

212. In the instrumental case: 'asinā kalaho' (a quarrel with a sword) becomes 'asikalaho'.

၂၁၃. ဗုဒ္ဓဿ ဒေယျံ ဗုဒ္ဓဒ္ဒေယျံ, ပရဿပဒံ, ဧတ္ထ ဝိဘတျလောပေါ. ဧဝံ အတ္တနောပဒမိစ္စာဒိ.

213. 'Buddhassa deyyaṃ' (to be given to the Buddha) becomes 'buddhaddeyyaṃ.' Here there is elision of the case ending. Similarly with 'parassapadaṃ,' 'attanopadaṃ,' and so on.

၂၁၄. စောရသ္မာ [Pg.161] ဘယံ စောရဘယံ. ဧဝံ ဗဒ္ဓနမုတ္တောစ္စာဒိ.

214. 'Corasmā bhayaṃ' (fear from a thief) becomes 'corabhayaṃ.' Similarly, 'bandhanamutto' (freed from bondage), and so on.

၂၁၅. ရညော ပုတ္တော ရာဇပုတ္တော.

215. 'Rañño putto' (son of the king) becomes 'rājaputto'.

‘‘ဗြာဟ္မဏဿ ကဏှာ ဒန္တာ’’ ဣစ္စတြ ဒန္တာပေက္ခာ ဆဋ္ဌီတိ ကဏှေန သမ္ဗန္ဓာဘာဝါ န သမာသော. ယဒါ တု ကဏှာ စ တေ ဒန္တာ စေတိ ကမ္မဓာရယော, တဒါ ဆဋ္ဌီ ကဏှဒန္တာပေက္ခာတိ ဗြာဟ္မဏကဏှဒန္တာတိ သမာသော ဟောတေဝ.

In the phrase 'Brāhmaṇassa kaṇhā dantā' (The brahmin's teeth are black), the genitive ('brāhmaṇassa') is dependent on 'dantā' (teeth); because there is no connection with 'kaṇhā' (black), no compound is formed. But when there is the kammadhāraya compound 'kaṇhadantā' (from 'kaṇhā ca te dantā'), then the genitive is dependent on 'kaṇhadantā,' and thus the compound 'brāhmaṇakaṇhadantā' (the brahmin's black teeth) can indeed be formed.

၂၁၆. ‘‘ရညော [Pg.162] မာဂဓဿ ဓန’’ န္တျတြ ရညောတိ ဆဋ္ဌီ ဓန မပေက္ခတေ, န မာဂဓံ. ရာဇာ ဧဝ မာဂဓသဒ္ဒေန ဝုစ္စတေတိ ဘေဒါဘာဝါ သမ္ဗန္ဓာဘာဝေါတိ တုလျာဓိကရဏေန မာဂဓေန သဟ ရာဇာ န သမသျတေ. ဒွိဋ္ဌော ဟိ သမ္ဗန္ဓော.

216. In the phrase 'Rañño māgadhassa dhanaṃ' (the wealth of the king of Magadha), the genitive 'rañño' is syntactically dependent on 'dhanaṃ' (wealth), not on 'māgadhaṃ.' Since 'rājā' and 'māgadha' refer to the same entity, they are in apposition (tulyādhikaraṇa). Because 'rañño' is dependent on another word ('dhanaṃ'), it cannot be compounded with 'māgadha.' For the syntactic connection is divided.

ရညော [Pg.163] အဿော ပုရိသော စေ’’ တျ တြ ရညော အဿော, ရညော ပုရိသော တိ စ ပစ္စေကံ သမ္ဗန္ဓတော သာပေက္ခတာ အတ္ထီတိ န သမာသော. ‘‘အဿော စ ပုရိသော စာ’’တိ ဒွန္ဒေ ကတေ တု ရာဇဿပုရိသာတိ ဟောတေဝ, အညာနပေက္ခတ္တာ.

In the phrase 'Rañño asso puriso ca' (the king's horse and man), because 'rañño' is connected separately to both 'asso' and 'puriso,' there is syntactic dependency, and thus no compound is formed. However, when a dvanda compound 'assapuriso' is formed from 'asso ca puriso ca,' the compound 'rājassapuriso' (the king's horse-and-man) does occur, as there is no longer any external dependency.

‘‘ရညော ဂရုပုတ္တော’’ ဣစ္စတြ ရာဇာပေက္ခိနောပိ ဂရုနော

In 'Rañño garuputto' (the son of the king's teacher), although 'garu' (the teacher) is dependent on 'rāja' (the king),

ပုတ္တေန [Pg.164] သဟ သမာသော, ဂမကတ္တာ. ဂမကတ္တမ္ပိ သမာသဿ နိဗန္ဓနံ. တတ္ထ ဂရုနော ပုတ္တောတိ ဝိဂ္ဂဟော, ဧဝမညတြ.

a compound is formed with 'putta' because of intelligibility. Intelligibility is also a basis for compounding. Here the analysis is 'garuno putto' (teacher's son); it is similar in other cases.

၂၁၇. ရူပေ သညာ ရူပသညာ.

217. 'Rūpe saññā' (perception in regard to form) becomes 'rūpasaññā'.

ကွစိ နိန္ဒာယံ - ကူပေ မဏ္ဍူကော ဝိယ ကူပမဏ္ဍူကော. ဧဝံ နဂရကာကော ဣစ္စာဒိ. အတြောပမာယ နိန္ဒာ ဂမျတေ.

Sometimes in the sense of censure: 'kūpe maṇḍūko viya' (like a frog in a well) becomes 'kūpamaṇḍūko' (a frog in a well). Similarly, 'nagarakāko' (a city crow), and so on. Here, censure is understood through the simile.

အန္တေဝါသိကော တျာဒေါ ဝိဘတ္တျလောပေါ.

In 'antevāsiko' (a resident pupil), and so on, there is elision of the case ending.

ဗဟုဗ္ဗီဟိသမာသ

The Bahubbīhi Compound

၂၁၈. အညပဒတ္ထေသု ဗဟုဗ္ဗီဟိ.

218. A bahubbīhi compound is formed when the meaning refers to another word.

အပ္ပဌမန္တာန [Pg.165] မညေသံ ပဒါနံ အတ္ထေသု ဒွေ ဝါ ဗဟူနိ ဝါ နာမာနိ ယဒါ သမသျန္တေ, တဒါ သော သမာသော ဗဟုဗ္ဗီဟိ နာမ.

When two or more nouns, which are not in the nominative case, are compounded to denote the meaning of another word, that compound is called a bahubbīhi.

အာဂတာ သမဏာ ယံ သာ အာဂတသမဏော, ဝိဟာရော.

'Āgatā samaṇā yaṃ so vihāro' (the monastery to which ascetics have come) becomes 'āgatasamaṇo vihāro'.

၂၁၉. ဇိတာနိ [Pg.166] ဣန္ဒြိယာနိ ယေန သော ဇိတိန္ဒြိယော, ဘဂဝါ. အာဟိတော အဂ္ဂိ ယေန သော အာဟိတဂ္ဂိ. အဂျာဟိတော ဝါတျာဒေါ ယထေစ္ဆံ ဝိသေသနဿ ပရတာ.

219. 'Jitāni indriyāni yena so jitindriyo, bhagavā' (He by whom the faculties have been conquered is 'one with conquered faculties,' the Blessed One). 'Āhito aggi yena so āhitaggi' (He by whom the fire has been placed is 'one who has placed the fire'). Or 'aggim āhito,' and so on; the qualifier may optionally be placed after.

၂၂၀. ကရဏေ တု-ဆိန္နော ရုက္ခော ယေန သော ဆိန္နရုက္ခော, ဖရသု.

220. In the instrumental case: 'Chinno rukkho yena so pharasu' (the axe by which the tree was cut) becomes 'chinnarukkho pharasu'.

၂၂၁. ဒိန္နော သုင်္ကော ယဿ သော ဒိန္နသုင်္ကော, ရာဇာ.

221. 'Dinno suṅko yassa so rājā' (the king to whom the toll has been given) becomes 'dinnasuṅko rājā'.

၂၂၂. နိဂ္ဂတာ ဇနာ ယသ္မာ သော နိဂ္ဂတဇနော, ဂါမော.

222. 'Niggatā janā yasmā so gāmo' (the village from which the people have departed) becomes 'niggatajano gāmo'.

၂၂၃. ဒသ [Pg.167] ဗလာနိ ယဿ သော ဒသဗလော, ဘဂဝါ. နတ္ထိ သမော ယဿ သော အသမော. ဧတ္ထ ‘‘အတ္တန္နဿာ’’တိ ယောဂဝိဘာဂေန နဿ အ.

223. 'Dasa balāni yassa so dasabalo, bhagavā' (He whose are the ten powers is 'one of ten powers,' the Blessed One). 'Natthi samo yassa so asamo' (He who has no equal is 'unequalled'). Here, by splitting the rule 'attannassā,' 'na' becomes 'a'.

ပဟူတာ ဇိဝှာ ယဿ သော ပဟူတဇိဝှော, မဟန္တီ ပညာ ယဿ သော မဟာပညော. ဒွီသု ‘‘ဣတ္ထိယမ္ဘာသိတပုမိတ္ထီပုမာဝ စေ’’တိ ပုမ္ဘာဝါတိဒေသာ ပုဗ္ဗုတ္တရပဒေသု အာဤပ္ပစ္စယာနမဘာဝေါ.

'Pahūtā jivhā yassa so pahūtajivho' (he whose tongue is abundant). 'Mahantī paññā yassa so mahāpañño' (he whose wisdom is great). In these two cases, by the rule 'itthiyambhāsitapumitthīpumāva ce,' the masculine form is adopted, and therefore the feminine suffixes -ā and -ī are absent in the prior and subsequent members of the compound.

၂၂၄. ‘‘ကွစိ [Pg.169] သမာသန္တဂတာနမကာရန္တော’’တိ အန္တဿ အတ္တံ. ကာရဂ္ဂဟဏေန အာ ဣ စ. ဣတ္ထိယမိဝဏ္ဏန္တာ, တွန္တေဟိ စ ကပ္ပစ္စယောပိ. ယထာ - ဝိသာလံ အက္ခိ ယဿ သော ဝိသာလက္ခော, ပစ္စက္ခဓမ္မာ, သိလောပေါ. သောဘနော ဂန္ဓော ယဿ သော [Pg.171] သုဂန္ဓိ. ဗဟုကန္တိကော, ဗဟုနဒိကော, သမုဒ္ဒေါ. ဧတ္ထ ယဒါဒိနာ ရဿော. ဗဟုကတ္တုကော. မတ္တာ ဗဟဝေါ မာတင်္ဂါ ယသ္မိံ တံ မတ္တဗဟုမာတင်္ဂံ, ဝနံ.

224. By the rule 'Kvaci samāsantagatānamakāranto,' the final vowel becomes 'a.' By the inclusion of 'kāra,' this also applies to 'ā' and 'ī.' In the feminine, for words ending in 'ī' and 'ū,' and for those ending in '-tu,' the suffix '-ka' is also added. For example: 'visālaṃ akkhi yassa so' becomes 'visālakkho' (one with a large eye); 'paccakkhadhammā' (one for whom the Dhamma is directly visible), with elision of 'si.' 'Sobhano gandho yassa so' becomes 'sugandhi' (one with a pleasant scent). The ocean is 'bahukantiko' (having many wives) or 'bahunadiko' (having many rivers); here, by the rule 'yadādinā,' there is shortening. 'Bahukattuko' (having many doers). 'Mattā bahavo mātaṅgā yasmiṃ taṃ vanaṃ' becomes 'mattabahumātaṅgaṃ vanaṃ' (the forest in which there are many intoxicated elephants).

တုလျာဓိကရဏော.

Appositional Bahubbīhi

၂၂၅. သုဝဏ္ဏဿ [Pg.172] ဝိယ ဝဏ္ဏော ယဿ သော သုဝဏ္ဏဝဏ္ဏော. ဝဇိရံ ပါဏိမှိ ယဿ သော ဝဇိရပါဏိ. ဥရသိ လောမာနိ ယဿ သော ဥရသိလောမော. ဧတ္ထ ဝိဘတျလောပေါ.

225. 'Suvaṇṇassa viya vaṇṇo yassa so' becomes 'suvaṇṇavaṇṇo' (one whose complexion is like gold). 'Vajiraṃ pāṇimhi yassa so' becomes 'vajirapāṇi' (one with a thunderbolt in his hand). 'Urasi lomāni yassa so' becomes 'urasilomo' (one with hair on his chest). In these cases, there is elision of the case endings.

‘‘အတ္ထေသူ’’တိ ဗဟုတ္တဂ္ဂဟဏေန ကွစိ ပဌမန္တာနမ္ပိ. သဟ ဟေတုနာ ယော ဝတ္တတေ သော သဟေတုကော, ‘‘ယဒါ’’ ဒိနာ သဟဿ သော.

By the use of the plural in 'atthesu' (in the rule 'Aññapadatthesu...'), sometimes even words ending in the nominative case are compounded. For example, 'Saha hetunā yo vattati so' becomes 'sahetuko' (that which is with a cause). By the rule 'yadādinā,' 'saha' becomes 'sa'.

၂၂၆. သတ္တ [Pg.173] ဝါ အဋ္ဌ ဝါ သတ္တဋ္ဌ, မာသာ, ဧတ္ထညပဒတ္ထော ဝါ သဒ္ဒဿတ္ထော. ဒက္ခိဏဿာ စ ပုဗ္ဗဿာ စ ဒိသာယ ယံ အန္တရာလံ, သာ ဒက္ခိဏပုဗ္ဗာ, ဒိသာ.

226. 'Satta vā aṭṭha vā' becomes 'sattaṭṭha', as in 'sattaṭṭha māsā' (seven or eight months). Here, the meaning of the other word is the meaning of the word 'vā' (or). 'Dakkhiṇassā ca pubbassā ca disāya yaṃ antarālaṃ sā disā' becomes 'dakkhiṇapubbā disā' (the southeastern direction).

ဘိန္နာဓိကရဏော.

Vyadhikaraṇa Bahubbīhi

အပ္ပဌမန္တာနန္တိ ကိံ, ဒေသိတော ဗုဒ္ဓေန ယော ဓမ္မော.

Why is the term 'appaṭhamantānaṃ' (not ending in the nominative) stated in the rule? To prevent compounding in a phrase such as 'desito buddhena yo dhammo' (the Dhamma that was taught by the Buddha).

ဒွန္ဒသမာသ

The Dvanda Compound

၂၂၇. နာမာနံ သမုစ္စယော ဒွန္ဒော.

227. A conjunction of nouns is a dvanda.

သမုစ္စယော[Pg.177], တိ ပိဏ္ဍီကရဏံ ဧကဝိဘတ္တိကာနံ နာမာနံ ယော သမုစ္စယော, သော ဒွန္ဒော နာမ, ဣဒံ သုတ္တံ ဗဟုဝစနဝိသယံ.

‘Conjunction’ means aggregation. That conjunction of nouns having the same case ending is called a dvanda. This rule pertains to the plural.

စန္ဒော စ သူရိယော စ စန္ဒသူရိယာ. တိဋ္ဌန္တိ တျာဒိ-

Cando ca sūriyo ca becomes candasūriyā. For example: tiṭṭhanti (they stand), and so on.

ကြိယာသမ္ဗန္ဓသာမညတော [Pg.178] အတ္ထေတ္ထာပေကတ္ထတာ, ဧဝံ နရနာရိယော, အက္ခရပဒါနိ.

Because of the common connection with the action, there is a single intended meaning. Thus: naranāriyo (men and women), akkharapadāni (letters and words).

၂၂၈. တထာ ဒွန္ဒေ ပါဏိ တုရိယ ယောဂ္ဂ သေနင်္ဂ ခုဒ္ဒဇန္တုက ဝိဝိဓ ဝိရုဒ္ဓ ဝိသဘာဂတ္ထာဒီနဉ္စ.

228. Likewise, in a dvanda, there is compounding of terms for the limbs of living beings, musical instruments, parts of a vehicle, divisions of an army, small creatures, various opposites, things of dissimilar nature, and so on.

ဝိဝိဓေနာကာရေန ဝိရုဒ္ဓါ ဝိဝိဓဝိရုဒ္ဓါ, သဘာဂါ သဒိသာ, ဝိဝိဓာ စ တေ သဘာဂါ စေတိ ဝိသဘာဂါ. ယထာ ဒိဂုသမာသေ, တထာ ဒွန္ဒေ ပါဏျင်္ဂတ္ထာဒီနံ ဧကတ္တံ, နပုံသကတ္တဉ္စ ဟောတိ.

‘Various opposites’ are things opposed in various ways. Sabhāgā means similar. Visabhāgā refers to things that are diverse and yet of a similar nature. Just as in a digu compound, so too in a dvanda, terms for the limbs of living beings, etc., take the singular and the neuter gender.

စက္ခုသောတံ, ဂီတဝါဒိတံ, ယုဂနင်္ဂလံ, ဟတ္ထဿံ, အသိစမ္မံ, ဍံသမကသံ, ကောကာလူကံ.

Cakkhusotaṃ: eye and ear. Gītavāditaṃ: song and music. Yuganaṅgalaṃ: yoke and plough. Hatthassaṃ: elephants and horses. Asicammaṃ: sword and shield. Ḍaṃsamakasaṃ: gadflies and mosquitoes. Kokālūkaṃ: crow and owl.

နာမရူပံ[Pg.182], နာမံ နမနလက္ခဏံ, ရူပံ ရုပ္ပနလက္ခဏံ. ဧဝမေတေ ဓမ္မာ လက္ခဏတော ဝိဝိဓာ, ပရမတ္ထတော သဘာဂါ စ.

Nāmarūpaṃ: name-and-form. Name has the characteristic of inclining; form has the characteristic of being afflicted. Thus these phenomena are diverse in characteristic but of a similar nature in an ultimate sense.

အာဒိသဒ္ဒေနာညတ္ထာပိ[Pg.183]. ယထာ - ဘိန္နလိင်္ဂါနံ - ဣတ္ထိပုမံ. ယဒါဒိနာ ရဿော, ဒါသိဒါသံ, ပတ္တစီဝရံ. ဂင်္ဂါသောဏံ.

By the word ‘etc.’ it applies in other cases too. For example, with words of different gender: itthipumaṃ (woman and man). By the rule beginning ‘ya,’ the vowel is shortened: dāsidāsaṃ (female slave and male slave); pattacīvaraṃ (bowl and robes); Gaṅgāsoṇaṃ (the Ganges and the Sona).

သင်္ချာပရိမာဏာနံ - တိကစတုက္ကံ.

Of numbers and measures: tikacatukkaṃ (a triad and a tetrad).

သိပ္ပီနံ - ဝေဏရထကာရံ.

Of artisans: veṇarathakāraṃ (bamboo-workers and chariot-makers).

လုဒ္ဒကာနံ - သာကုန္တိက မာဂဝိကံ.

Of hunters: sākuntikamāgavikaṃ (fowlers and deer-hunters).

အပ္ပာဏိဇာတီနံ - အာရသတ္ထိ.

Of the class of inanimate things: ārasatthi (awl and knife).

ဧကဇ္ဈာယနဗြာဟ္မဏာနံ - ကဌကာလာပံ ဣစ္စာဒိ.

Of brahmins studying the same text: kaṭhakālāpaṃ (the Kaṭhas and the Kālāpas), etc.

၂၂၉. ဝိဘာသာ ရုက္ခ တိဏ ပသု ဓန ဓည ဇနပဒါဒီနဉ္စ.

229. Optionally in the case of trees, grass, cattle, wealth, grain, countries, and so on.

ဒွန္ဒေ [Pg.185] ရုက္ခာဒီနံ ဧကတ္တံ နပုံသကတ္တဉ္စ ဝါ ဟောတိ.

In a dvanda compound of terms for trees, etc., there is optionally singularity and the neuter gender.

ဓဝခဒိရံ, ဓဝခဒိရာ, မုဉ္ဇပဗ္ဗဇံ, မုဉ္ဇပဗ္ဗဇာ, အဇေဠကံ, အဇေဠကာ, ဟိရညသုဝဏ္ဏံ, ဟိရညသုဝဏ္ဏာနိ, သာလိယဝံ, သာလိယဝါ.

Dhavakhadiraṃ or dhavakhadirā: Dhava and Khadira trees. Muñjapabbajaṃ or muñjapabbajā: Muñja and Pabbaja grasses. Ajeḷakaṃ or ajeḷakā: goats and sheep. Hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ or hiraññasuvaṇṇāni: gold and bullion. Sāliyavaṃ or sāliyavā: rice and barley.

ကာသိကောသလံ [Pg.187] ကာသိကောသလာ.

Kāsikosalaṃ or kāsikosalā: the countries of Kāsī and Kosala.

အာဒိသဒ္ဒေန အညေသုပိ ဝါ. ယထာ – နိစ္စဝိရောဓီနမဒ္ဒဗ္ဗာနံ - ကုသလာကုသလံ, ကုသလာကုသလာနိ.

By the word ‘etc.,’ this applies optionally to others too. For example, to abstract terms in constant opposition: kusalākusalaṃ or kusalākusalāni (the wholesome and the unwholesome).

သကုဏီနံ - ဗကဗလာကံ, ဗကဗလာကာ.

Of birds: bakabalākaṃ or bakabalākā (herons and cranes).

ဗျဉ္ဇနာနံ - ဒဓိဃတံ, ဒဓိဃတာနိ.

Of condiments: dadhighataṃ or dadhighatāni (curd and ghee).

ဒိသာနံ - ပုဗ္ဗာပရံ, ပုဗ္ဗာပရာ ဣစ္စာဒိ.

Of directions: pubbāparaṃ or pubbāparā (east and west), etc.

အဗျယီဘာဝသမာသ

The Avyayībhāva Compound

၂၃၀. အဓိသဒ္ဒါ [Pg.189] သ္မိံ, တဿ လောပေါ. အဓိသဒ္ဒေန တုလျာဓိကရဏတ္တာ ဣတ္ထိသဒ္ဒါပိသ္မိံ. နိစ္စသမာသတ္တာ အာဓာရဘူတာယမိတ္ထိယန္တိ ပဒန္တရေန ဝိဂ္ဂဟော. အဓိ ဣတ္ထိယန္တိ ဌိတေ –

230. On account of the word `adhi`, the locative ending `-smiṃ` is employed, and it is elided. Because it has the same referent as the word `adhi`, the word `itthi` also takes the locative ending. Since this is an obligatory compound, its analytic phrase with other words is: `ādhārabhūtā ayaṃ itthi` ('this woman who is the basis'). When `adhi itthi` stands:

ဥပသဂ္ဂနိပါတပုဗ္ဗကော အဗျယီဘာဝေါ.

An avyayībhāva is a compound preceded by a prefix or a particle.

ဥပသဂ္ဂါဒိပုဗ္ဗကော သဒ္ဒေါ ဝိဘတျတ္ထာဒီသု သမာသော ဟောတိ, အဗျယီဘာဝသညော စ.

A word preceded by a prefix or the like, when compounded in the sense of a case ending and so on, is designated an avyayībhāva.

‘‘သော နပုံသကလိင်္ဂေါ’’တိ အဗျယီဘာဝေါ နပုံသကလိင်္ဂေါ, ယဒါဒိနာ ဧကဝစနော စ.

By the rule ‘It is neuter,’ an avyayībhāva is in the neuter gender; and by the rule beginning ‘ya,’ it is in the singular.

‘‘သရော [Pg.191] ရဿော နပုံသကေ’’တိ ရဿော.

By the rule ‘A vowel is short in the neuter,’ the final vowel is shortened.

အညသ္မာ လောပေါ စ.

And elision of the case ending of the other member.

အနကာရန္တာ အဗျယီဘာဝါ ပရာ သဗ္ဗာ ဝိဘတ္တီ လုဇ္ဇရေ. အဓိတ္ထိ, ဝိဘတ္တီနမတ္ထော အာဓာရာဒိ.

All case endings following an avyayībhāva compound not ending in -a are elided. For example, adhitthi. The meaning of the case ending is location, etc.

ဣဓာဓိသဒ္ဒေါ အာဓာရေဝတ္တတေ, အဓိတ္ထိဣစ္စေတံ ပဒံ ဣတ္ထိယ မိစ္စေတမတ္ထံ ဝဒတိ.

Here the word `adhi` functions in the sense of location. The word `adhitthi` expresses the meaning ‘concerning a woman’ (locative).

သမီပံ [Pg.193] နဂရဿ ဥပနဂရံ. ‘‘အံဝိဘတ္တီနမကာရန္တဗျယီဘာဝါ’’တိ ဝိဘတ္တီနံ ကွစိ အံ.

Samīpaṃ nagarassa is upanagaraṃ (near the city). By the rule ‘After an avyayībhāva ending in -a, aṃ is the substitute for case endings,’ aṃ is sometimes the substitute for case endings.

ကွစီတိ ကိံ. ဥပနဂရေ.

Why ‘sometimes’? To allow for forms such as upanagare.

အဘာဝေါ မက္ခိကာနံ နိမ္မက္ခိကံ ရဿော. အနုပုဗ္ဗော ထေရာနံ အနုထေရံ, အနတိက္ကမ္မ သတ္တိံ ယထာသတ္တိ.

Abhāvo makkhikānaṃ is nimmakkhikaṃ (absence of flies); the vowel is shortened. Anupubbo therānaṃ is anutheraṃ (in succession of the elders). Anatikkamma sattiṃ is yathāsatti (according to one’s ability).

ယေ [Pg.195] ယေ ဗုဍ္ဎာ ယထာဗုဍ္ဎံ, ဝိစ္ဆာယံ.

Ye ye buḍḍhā is yathābuḍḍhaṃ (according to seniority). Vicchāyaṃ (absence of shade).

ယတ္တကော ပရိစ္ဆေဒေါ ဇီဝဿ ယာဝဇီဝံ, အဝဓာရဏေ.

Yattako paricchedo jīvassa is yāvajīvaṃ (for as long as life lasts); this is in the sense of limitation.

အာ ပဗ္ဗတာ ခေတ္တံ အာပဗ္ဗတံ ခေတ္တံ, မရိယာဒါယံ, ဝဇ္ဇမာနာ သီမာ မရိယာဒါ, ပဗ္ဗတံ ဝိနာတျတ္ထော.

Ā pabbatā khettaṃ is āpabbataṃ khettaṃ (the field up to the mountain). This is in the sense of a boundary (mariyādā). A boundary that excludes is a mariyādā; the meaning is ‘excluding the mountain’.

အာ ဇလန္တာ သီတံ အာဇလန္တံ သီတံ, အဘိဝိဓိမှိ, ဂယှမာနာ သီမာ အဘိဝိဓိ, ဇလန္တေန သဟေတျတ္ထော.

Ā jalantā sītaṃ is ājalantaṃ sītaṃ (the cold up to the burning). This is in the sense of inclusion (abhividhi). A boundary that includes is an abhividhi; the meaning is ‘together with the burning’.

အာသဒ္ဒယောဂေ ‘‘ဓာတုနာမာ’’ဒိနာ အပါဒါနဝိဓာနေနေဝ ဝါကျမ္ပိ သိဒ္ဓံ. တထာညတြ.

In connection with the word ā, the uncompounded phrase is also valid by the rule for the ablative case beginning ‘dhātunāma...’. Likewise in other cases.

၂၃၁. ‘‘ဥတ္တမော [Pg.197] ဝီရော ပဝီရော’’ ဣစ္စာဒေါ ပန ပုဗ္ဗပဒတ္ထပ္ပဓာနတ္တာဘာဝါဗျယီဘာဝါဘာဝေါ ကမ္မဓာရယောဧဝ. ဧဝံ ဝိသိဋ္ဌော ဓမ္မော အဘိဓမ္မော. ကုစ္ဆိတံ အန္နံ ကဒန္နံ. ဧတ္တ္ထ [Pg.198] ‘‘ကဒ ကုဿာ’’တိ သရေ ကုဿ ကဒါဒေသော.

231. However, in examples such as uttamo vīro: pavīro (the highest hero: a great hero), because the meaning of the first member is not predominant, it is not an avyayībhāva but simply a kammadhāraya. Similarly, visiṭṭho dhammo: abhidhammo (the special teaching: the higher teaching). Kucchitaṃ annaṃ: kadannaṃ (spoiled food). Here, by the rule ‘kada for ku,’ kad is the substitute for ku before a vowel.

အပ္ပကံ လဝဏံ ကာလဝဏံ, ဧတ္ထ ‘‘ကာပ္ပတ္ထေသု စာ’’တိ ကုဿ ကာ, ဗဟုဝစနေနာညတြာပိ ကွစိ. ကုစ္ဆိတော ပုရိသော ကာပုရိသော, ကုပုရိသော ဝါ, ဧဝမသုရာဒိ.

Appakaṃ lavaṇaṃ is kālavaṇaṃ (a little salt). Here, by the rule ‘kā in the sense of appa (little),’ kā is the substitute for ku. By the plural in the rule, it applies elsewhere too. Kucchito puriso is kāpuriso or kupuriso (a contemptible man). Similarly asura, etc.

ပုဗ္ဗပရူဘယမညပဒတ္ထ - ပ္ပဓာနာဗျယီဘာဝ သမာသော;

ကမ္မဓာရယက တပ္ပုရိသာ ဒွေ, ဒွေန္ဒော စ ဗဟုဗ္ဗီဟိ စ ဉေယျာ.

The avyayībhāva, the tappurisa, the dvanda, and the bahubbīhi should be known as the compounds where the meaning of the first member, the final member, both members, and another word, respectively, is predominant.

သမာသော.

The Section on Compounds.

၄. တဒ္ဓိတကဏ္ဍ

4. The Section on Taddhita Derivatives

အပစ္စတဒ္ဓိတ

Patronymic Derivatives

၂၃၂. ဝါဏပစ္စေ.

232. The suffix ṇa is used optionally in the sense of 'descendant'.

ဆဋ္ဌန္တာ [Pg.200] သဒ္ဒါ ‘‘တဿာပစ္စ’’မိစ္စသ္မိံ အတ္ထေ ဏော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ဝါတိ ဝါကျတ္ထံ. ဏေနေဝါပစ္စတ္ထဿ ဝုတ္တတ္တာ အပစ္စသဒ္ဒါပ္ပယောဂေါ.

From words ending in the sixth case affix (genitive), the suffix ṇo optionally occurs in the sense of 'descendant of that one.' The word 'vā' is for the sake of the uncompounded phrase. Since the meaning of 'descendant' is already expressed by ṇo, the word 'apacca' is not used.

‘‘တေသံ ဝိဘတျာ’’ ဒေါ တေသံဂဟဏေန ဝိဘတ္တိလောပေါ. တထောတ္တရတြ.

By the rule beginning 'Tesaṃ vibhatyā...', the elision of the case ending occurs because of the word 'tesaṃ' (of them) in the rule. Likewise hereafter.

‘‘တေသံ ဏော လောပံ’’တိ ပစ္စယာနံ ဏဿ လောပေါ.

By the rule 'Tesaṃ ṇo lopaṃ', there is elision of the ṇ of the suffixes.

‘‘ဝုဒ္ဓါဒိသရဿ ဝါ သံယောဂန္တဿ သဏေ စေ’’တိ သဏကာရေ ပရေ အသံယောဂန္တဿာဒိသရဿ ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

By the rule 'Vuddhādisarassa vā saṃyogantassa saṇe ce', when a suffix with the indicator ṇ follows, vuddhi of the initial vowel of a word not ending in a conjunct consonant occurs.

တဿာပနိယမေ –

In that regard, without a specific rule:

အယုဝဏ္ဏာနဉ္စာယော ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

For the vowels a, i, and u, the vuddhi forms are ā, e, and o, respectively.

အကာရိဝဏ္ဏုဝဏ္ဏာနံ အာဧဩဝုဒ္ဓိယော ဟောန္တိ, စသဒ္ဒေန ကွစိ န.

For the vowels a, i, and u, ā, e, and o are the vuddhi forms; due to the word 'ca', this sometimes does not happen.

သရလောပါဒိ, တဒ္ဓိတတ္တာ နာမမိဝ ကတေ သျာဒိ.

Elision of vowels, etc., occurs. Since it is a taddhita derivative, once it is formed like a noun, the nominal suffixes beginning with si are applied.

တဒ္ဓိတာဘိဓေယျလိင်္ဂ–ဝိဘတ္တိဝစနာ [Pg.202] သိယုံ.

Taddhita derivatives should take the gender, case, and number of that which they denote.

သမူဟဘာဝဇာ ဘီယော, သကတ္ထေ ဏျော နပုံသကေ.

Derivatives denoting collectivity and state are mostly in the neuter. The suffix ṇya, when used in its own sense, is in the neuter.

တာ တုတ္ထိယံ နိပါတာ တေ, ဓာမိထံပစ္စယန္တကာ.

Those ending in the suffixes tā, tu, tti, yaṃ, as well as indeclinables, and those ending in the suffixes dhā, mi, and thaṃ.

ဝသိဋ္ဌဿာပစ္စံ [Pg.203] ပေါသော ဝါသိဋ္ဌော, ဣတ္ထီ ဝါသိဋ္ဌီ, နပုံသကံ ဝါသိဋ္ဌံ. ဝိကပ္ပဝိဓာနတော တဒ္ဓိတေန သမာသဿာစ္စန္တံ ဗာဓာယာ ဘာဝါ ဝသိဋ္ဌာ ပစ္စန္တိပိ ဟောတိ.

A male descendant of Vasiṭṭha is Vāsiṭṭho; a female, Vāsiṭṭhī; and the neuter, Vāsiṭṭhaṃ. Because the rule allows for an alternative, the taddhita derivative does not absolutely preclude the uncompounded phrase; thus, vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṃ also occurs.

နပုံသကေန ဝါပီတိ, သဒ္ဒသတ္ထဝိဒူ ဝိဒုံ.

Or also in the neuter, thus the grammarians know.

၂၃၃. ဝါ [Pg.205] အပစ္စေတိ စာဓိကာရော.

233. And the governing rule 'vā apacce' (optionally in the sense of descendant) continues.

ဏာယန ဏာန ဝစ္ဆာဒိတော.

The suffixes ṇāyana and ṇāna are used after words of the Vacchādi group.

ဝစ္ဆာဒိတော ဂေါတ္တဂဏတော ဏာယနော ဏာနော စ ဝါ ဟောတိ.

From the Vacchādi group of clans, the suffixes ṇāyana and ṇāna optionally occur.

အပစ္စံ ပပုတ္တပ္ပဘုတိ ဂေါတ္တံ. ကစ္စဿာပစ္စံ ကစ္စာယနော, ကစ္စာနော ဝါ. သံယောဂန္တတ္တာ န ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

Apaccaṃ means lineage, beginning with a descendant. The descendant of Kacca is Kaccāyano, or Kaccāno. Because the stem ends in a conjunct consonant, vuddhi does not occur.

၂၃၄. ‘‘ဏေယျော [Pg.206] ကတ္တိကာဒီဟီ’’တိ ဏေယျော, ဝိနတာယ အပစ္စံ ဝေနတေယျော ဝိနတေယျော ဝါ. န ပက္ခေ ဝုဒ္ဓိ, ဏေယျောတိ ယောဂဝိဘာဂေန ‘‘တဿ ဒီယတေ’’ တျတ္ထေပိ ဏေယျော, ဒက္ခိဏာ ဒီယတေ ယဿ သော ဒက္ခိဏေယျော.

234. By the rule, “Ṇeyyo kattikādīhī,” the suffix ṇeyyo is applied. The descendant (apaccaṃ) of Vinatā is Venateyyo or Vinateyyo. In the alternative form, there is no vuddhi. By division of the rule (yogavibhāgena), ṇeyyo is also applied in the sense of “to whom it is given.” He to whom a gift (dakkhiṇā) is given is called Dakkhiṇeyyo.

၂၃၅. အတော ဏိ ဝါ.

235. After a stem ending in 'a', the suffix ṇi is optional.

အကာရန္တတော [Pg.207] အပစ္စေ ဏိ ဝါ ဟောတိ, ပုန ဝါသဒ္ဒေန ဏိကော, အကာရန္တာ အနကာရန္တာ စ ဗောပိ.

After a stem ending in 'a', the suffix ṇi optionally occurs in the sense of 'descendant' (apacca); further, by the word 'vā', the suffix ṇika optionally occurs; and after stems ending in 'a' and not ending in 'a', the suffix bo also optionally occurs.

ဒက္ခိ, သကျပုတ္တိကော, မဏ္ဍဗ္ဗော, ဘာတုဗ္ဗော. ဒွိတ္တံ.

Dakkhi, Sakyaputtiko, Maṇḍabbo, Bhātubbo. Gemination.

၂၃၆. ‘‘ဏဝေါ [Pg.208] ပဂွာဒီဟီ’’ တိ ဏဝေါ. မနုနော အပစ္စံ မာဏဝေါ.

236. By the rule, “Ṇavo pagvādīhī,” the suffix ṇavo is applied. The descendant of Manu is Māṇavo (a youth).

၂၃၇. ‘‘ဏေရ [Pg.209] ဝိဓဝါဒိတော’’တိ ဏေရော, သာမဏေရော.

237. By the rule, “Ṇera vidhavādito,” the suffix ṇero is applied, as in Sāmaṇero (a novice monk).

သံသဋ္ဌာဒိအနေကတ္ထတဒ္ဓိတ

Taddhita Suffixes with Various Meanings, such as 'Mixed With'

၂၃၈. ‘‘ယေန [Pg.210] ဝါ သံသဋ္ဌံ တရတိ စရတိ ဝဟတိ ဏိကော’’တိ ဏိကော. ဝါကာရေန နေကတ္ထေနေကပစ္စယာ စ. ဃတေန သံသဋ္ဌော ဃာတိကော, ဩဒနော. ဥဠူပေန တရတီတိ ဩဠူပိကော, ဥဠူပိကော ဝါ, န ပက္ခေ ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

238. By the rule, “Yena vā saṃsaṭṭhaṃ tarati carati vahati ṇiko,” the suffix ṇiko is applied. And by the word 'vā', there are many meanings and many suffixes. Mixed with ghee is Ghātiko, as in rice (odano). One who crosses by a raft is Oḷūpiko, or Uḷūpiko; in the alternative form, there is no vuddhi.

သကဋေန စရတီတိ သာကဋိကော. သီသေန ဝဟတီတိ သီသိကော, န ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

He who travels by cart is Sākaṭiko. He who carries with the head is Sīsiko; there is no vuddhi.

ဣတ္ထိလိင်္ဂတော ဧယျကော, ဏကော စ. စမ္ပာယံ ဇာတော စမ္ပေယျကော. ဧဝံ ဗာရာဏသေယျကော. ဏကော – ကုသိနာရာယံ ဝသတီတိ ကောသိနာရကော. ဇနပဒတော ဏကော စ – မဂဓေသု ဝသတိ, တေသံ ဣဿရော ဝါ မာဂဓကော.

After a feminine stem, the suffixes eyyako and ṇako occur. Born in Campā is Campeyyako. Similarly, Bārāṇaseyyako. Regarding the suffix ṇako: one residing in Kusinārā is Kosinārako. After a country name, the suffix ṇako also occurs: one dwelling in Magadha, or their ruler, is Māgadhako.

တဇ္ဇာတိယာ [Pg.212] ဝိသိဋ္ဌတ္ထေ အာဇာနီယော. အဿဇာတိယာ ဝိသိဋ္ဌော အဿာဇာနီယော. ဉော - အဂ္ဂန္တိ ဇာနိတဗ္ဗံ အဂ္ဂညံ, ဒွိတ္တံ.

In the sense of 'excellent of that kind', the suffix ājānīyo is applied. Excellent of the horse kind is Assājānīyo. Regarding the suffix ño: what is to be known as foremost is Aggaññaṃ; there is gemination.

၂၃၉. တမဓီတေ တေန ကတာဒိသန္နိဓာနနိယောဂသိပ္ပဘဏ္ဍ ဇီဝိကတ္ထေသု စ.

239. And in the senses of 'he studies that', 'done by that', 'proximity', 'appointment', 'skill', 'merchandise', and 'livelihood'.

တံ [Pg.213] အဓီတေ ဣစ္စာဒီသွတ္ထေသု အာဒိသဒ္ဒေန ဟတာဒီသု စ ဏိကော ဝါ ဟောတိ. အဘိဓမ္မမဓီတေတိ အာဘိဓမ္မိကော, အဘိဓမ္မိကော ဝါ, န ပက္ခေ ဝုဒ္ဓိ. ဝစသာ ကတံ ကမ္မံ ဝါစသိကံ. ဧဝံ မာနသိကံ, ဧတ္ထ –

In the senses of 'he studies that', etc., and by the word 'ādi' (etc.), in senses such as 'killed', etc., the suffix ṇiko optionally occurs. One who studies the Abhidhamma is Ābhidhammiko, or Abhidhammiko; in the alternative form, there is no vuddhi. An action done by speech is Vācasikaṃ. Similarly, Mānasikaṃ. Here—

‘‘သ [Pg.214] သရေ ဝါဂမော’’တီဟာနုဝတ္တိတာဒိသဒ္ဒေန သာဂမော.

By the rule 'Sa sare vāgamo', and by the word 'ādi' which is carried over, there is an augment.

သရီရေ သန္နိဓာနာ ဝေဒနာ သာရီရိကာ. ဒွါရေ နိယုတ္တော ဒေါဝါရိကော, ဧတ္ထ- ‘‘မာယူနမာဂမော ဌာနေ’’တိ ဝကာရတော ပုဗ္ဗေ ဩကာရာဂမော.

A feeling present in the body is Sārīrikā. One appointed at the door is Dovāriko. Here, by the rule, “māyūnamāgamo ṭhāne,” there is an augment of 'o' before the letter 'v'.

သိပ္ပန္တိ [Pg.215] ဂီတာဒိကလာ, ဝီဏာ အဿ သိပ္ပန္တိ ဝေဏိကော, အတြ ဝီဏေတိ ဝီဏာဝါဒနံ. ဂန္ဓော အဿ ဘဏ္ဍန္တိ ဂန္ဓိကော, မဂေ ဟန္တွာ ဇီဝတီတိ မာဂဝိကော, ဝကာရာဂမော. ဇာလေန ဟတော ဇာလိကော, သုတ္တေန ဗဒ္ဓေါ သုတ္တိကော, စာပေါ အဿ အာယုဓန္တိ စာပိကော, ဝါတော အဿ အာဗာဓော အတ္ထီတိ ဝါ ဝါတိကော, ဗုဒ္ဓေ ပသန္နော ဗုဒ္ဓိကော, ဝတ္ထေန ကီတံ ဘဏ္ဍံ ဝတ္ထိကံ.

Sippa means art, such as singing and the like. The lute is his art—thus Veṇiko (a lute-player). Here, 'vīṇā' means lute-playing. Scent is his merchandise—thus Gandhiko (a perfumer). One who lives by killing deer is Māgaviko; there is an augment of 'v'. One killed by a net is Jāliko. One bound by a thread is Suttiko. The bow is his weapon—thus Cāpiko (an archer). Wind is his ailment, or he has it—thus Vātiko. One with faith in the Buddha is Buddhiko. Merchandise bought with cloth is Vatthikaṃ.

ကုမ္ဘော [Pg.217] အဿ ပရိမာဏံ, တ မရဟတိ, တေသံ ရာသိ ဝါ ကုမ္ဘိကော. အက္ခေန ဒိဗ္ဗတီတိ အက္ခိကော, မဂဓေသု ဝသတိ, ဇာတောတိ ဝါ မာဂဓိကော ဣစ္စာဒိ.

A pot is his measure, he is worthy of it, or it is a heap of them: Kumbhiko. One who plays with dice is Akkhiko. One who lives in Magadha or is born there is Māgadhiko, etc.

၂၄၀. ဏ ရာဂါ တေန ရတ္တံ တဿေဒမညတ္ထေသု စ.

240. The suffix ṇa occurs in the senses of 'from passion', 'colored by that', 'this is his', and in other meanings.

တေန [Pg.218] ရတ္တံ တျာဒျတ္ထေသု ဏော ဝါ ဟောတိ. ကသာဝေန ရတ္တံ ကာသာဝံ.

In the senses of 'colored by that', etc., the suffix ṇo optionally occurs. Colored by saffron (kasāvena rattaṃ) is Kāsāvaṃ.

ဧဝံ [Pg.219] နီလံ ပီတမိစ္စာဒိ. န ဝုဒ္ဓိ, မဟိသဿ ဣဒံ မာဟိသံ, သိင်္ဂံ.

Similarly, Nīlaṃ, Pītaṃ, and so forth. There is no vuddhi. This of a buffalo is Māhisaṃ, for example, a horn (siṅgaṃ).

ဧဝံ [Pg.220] ရာဇပေါရိသံ, ဧတ္ထ ‘‘အယုဝဏ္ဏာနဉ္စာ’’ ဒေါ ပုန ဝုဒ္ဓိဂ္ဂဟဏေန ဥတ္တရပဒဿ ဝုဒ္ဓိ. မဂဓေဟိ အာဂတော, တတြ ဇာတော, တေသံ ဣဿရော, တေ အဿ နိဝါသောတိ ဝါ မာဂဓော, ကတ္တိကာဒီဟိ ယုတ္တော ကတ္တိကော, မာသော.

Similarly, Rājaporisaṃ. Here, by the rule, “ayuvaṇṇānañcā...” and by the repeated mention of vuddhi, there is vuddhi of the latter member of the compound. One who has come from Magadha, or is born there, or is their ruler, or whose abode is among them, is Māgadho. Connected with the constellation Kattikā, etc., is Kattiko, for example, the month.

ဗုဒ္ဓေါ [Pg.222] အဿ ဒေဝတာတိ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ. ဗျာကရဏံ အဝေစ္စ အဓီတေတိ ဝေယျာကရဏော. ဧတ္ထ ‘‘မာယူနမာ’’ဒိနာ ယကာရတော ပုဗ္ဗေ ဧ အာဂမော, ယဿ ဒွိတ္တံ. သဂရေဟိ နိဗ္ဗတ္တော သာဂရောဣစ္စာဒိ.

The Buddha is his deity—thus Buddho. One who has studied and understood grammar is Veyyākaraṇo. Here, by the rule, “māyūnamā...” etc., there is an augment of 'e' before 'y', and the 'y' is doubled. Born of the Sagaras is Sāgaro, etc.

၂၄၁. ဇာတာဒီနမိမိယာ စ.

241. And after 'jāta', etc., the suffixes ima and iya are applied.

ဇာတာဒီသု [Pg.224] ဣမော ဣယော စ ဟောတိ, စသဒ္ဒေန ကိယော စ. ပစ္ဆာ ဇာတော ပစ္ဆိမော, မနုဿဇာတိယာ ဇာတော မနုဿဇာတိယော. အန္တေ နိယုတ္တော အန္တိမော, အန္တိယော.

In the case of 'jāta' and similar words, the suffixes ima and iya occur, and by the word 'ca', the suffix kiya also occurs. Born later is Pacchimo; born of the human species is Manussajātiyo. Appointed at the end is Antimo or Antiyo.

ဧဝံ အန္ဓကိယော. ပုတ္တော အဿ အတ္ထီတိ ပုတ္တိမော, ပုတ္တိယော. ဧဝံ ကပ္ပိယော.

Similarly, Andhakiyo. He has a son—thus Puttimo or Puttiyo. Similarly, Kappiyo.

၂၄၂. ‘‘တဒဿဋ္ဌာနမီယော [Pg.225] စေ’’တိ ဤယော, စကာရေန ဟိတာဒျတ္ထေပိ, ဗန္ဓနဿ ဌာနံ ဗန္ဓနီယံ, စင်္ကမနဿ ဟိတံ စင်္ကမနီယံ.

242. By the rule, “Tadassaṭṭhānamīyo ce,” the suffix īyo is applied. And by the word 'ca', it is also applied in the senses of 'beneficial', etc. The place for binding is Bandhanīyaṃ. That which is beneficial for walking is Caṅkamanīyaṃ.

၂၄၃. ‘‘အာလု [Pg.226] တဗ္ဗဟုလေ’’တိ အာလု. အဘိဇ္ဈာဗဟုလော အဘိဇ္ဈာလု.

243. By the rule, “Ālu tabbahule,” the suffix ālu is applied. One who abounds in covetousness is Abhijjhālu.

ဝိသေသတဒ္ဓိတ

Special Taddhita Suffixes

၂၄၄. ဝိသေသေ တရတမိဿိကိယိဋ္ဌာ.

244. In the sense of distinction, the suffixes tara, tama, issika, iya, and iṭṭha are used.

အတိသယတ္ထေ တရာဒယော ဟောန္တိ.

The suffixes tara and so on occur in the sense of excellence.

အယမေတေသံ [Pg.227] အတိသယေန ပါပေါတိ ပါပတရော, ပါပတမော, ပါပိဿိကော, ပါပိယော, ပါပိဋ္ဌော ဝါ.

‘This one is more evil than these’ becomes pāpataro, pāpatamo, pāpissiko, pāpiyo, or pāpiṭṭho.

‘‘ဝုဒ္ဓဿ [Pg.228] ဇော ဣယိဋ္ဌေသူ’’တိ ဝုဒ္ဓဿ ဇာဒေသေ – ‘‘သရလောပါ’’ဒေါ ပကတိဂ္ဂဟဏေန ပကတျဘာဝါ ဣဿ ဧ. ဇေယျော, ဇေဋ္ဌော.

By the rule ‘For vuddha, ja before iya and iṭṭha,’ ja is substituted for vuddha. By ‘elision of a vowel, etc.,’ and because the original form is absent due to its being specified in the rule, the i becomes e. Hence, jeyyo, jeṭṭho.

ဧဝံ ‘‘ပသတ္ထဿ သော စေ’’တိ သာဒေသေ သေယျော, သေဋ္ဌော.

Similarly, by the rule ‘For pasattha, also sa,’ with the substitution of sa, the forms are seyyo, seṭṭho.

အဿတ္ထိတဒ္ဓိတ

Possessive Derivational Suffixes

၂၄၅. ‘‘တဒဿတ္ထီတိ [Pg.230] ဝီ စေ’’တိ ဝီ. မေဓာ အဿ အတ္ထီတိ မေဓာဝီ.

245. By the rule ‘In the sense “he has that,” also vī,’ the suffix vī is used. ‘He has wisdom’ (medhā assa atthi) becomes medhāvī.

၂၄၆. ဧဝံ [Pg.231] ‘‘တပါဒိတော သီ’’တိ သီ, ဒွိတ္တံ, တပဿီ.

246. Similarly, by ‘After tapas etc., sī,’ the suffix sī is used, with doubling, forming tapassī.

၂၄၇. ‘‘ဒဏ္ဍာဒိတော [Pg.232] ဣက ဤ’’တိ ဣကော, ဤ စ. ဒဏ္ဍိကော, ဒဏ္ဍီ.

247. By ‘After daṇḍa etc., ika and ī,’ the suffixes ika and ī are used. Hence, daṇḍiko, daṇḍī.

၂၄၈. ‘‘ဂုဏာဒိတော ဝန္တူ’’တိ ဝန္တု. ဂုဏဝါ, ပညဝါ. ယဒါဒိနာ ရဿော.

248. By ‘After guṇa etc., vantu,’ the suffix vantu is used. Hence, guṇavā, paññavā. The vowel is shortened by a subsequent rule.

၂၄၉. ‘‘သတျာဒီဟိ [Pg.233] မန္တူ’’တိ မန္တု. သတိမာ, ဘာနုမာ.

249. By ‘After sati etc., mantu,’ the suffix mantu is used. Hence, satimā, bhānumā.

၂၅၀. ‘‘အာယုဿုကာရာသ္မန္တုမှီ’’တိ [Pg.235] ဥဿ အသ. အာယသ္မာ.

250. By ‘For āyus and stems ending in u, before mantu,’ us becomes as. Hence, āyasmā.

၂၅၁. ‘‘သဒ္ဓါဒိတော ဏ’’ ဣတိ ဏော. သဒ္ဓေါ.

251. By ‘After saddhā etc., ṇa,’ the suffix ṇa is used. Hence, saddho.

၂၅၂. ‘‘တပ္ပကတိဝစနေ [Pg.236] မယော’’တိ မယော. သုဝဏ္ဏေန ပကတံ သောဝဏ္ဏမယံ, သုဝဏ္ဏမယံ ဝါ. ပက္ခေ - ယဒါဒိနာ ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

252. By ‘In the sense “made of that,” maya,’ the suffix maya is used. ‘Made of gold’ becomes sovaṇṇamayaṃ or suvaṇṇamayaṃ. In one case, vuddhi occurs by a subsequent rule.

ဧတေသမော လောပေ.

Regarding the elision of these.

ဝိဘတ္တိလောပေ မနာဒီနမန္တဿ ဩ ဟောတိ. မနောမယံ.

When the case ending is elided, the final part of manas and so on becomes o. For example, manomayaṃ.

သင်္ချာတဒ္ဓိတ

Numerical Derivational Suffixes

၂၅၃. သင်္ချာပူရဏေ [Pg.237] တျဓိကာရော.

253. The governing rule for ordinal numbers.

‘‘ဒွိတီဟိ တိယော’’တိ တိယော, ‘‘တိယေ ဒုတာပိ စေ’’တိ ဒွိတီနံ ဒုတာ. ဒွိန္နံ ပူရဏော ဒုတိယော, ဧဝံ တတိယော.

By ‘After dvi and ti, tiya,’ the suffix tiya is used. By ‘Before tiya, also duta for dvi,’ duta is substituted for dvi. The ordinal of two (dvinnaṃ pūraṇo) is dutiyo; similarly, tatiyo.

၂၅၄. ‘‘စတုစ္ဆေဟိ ထဌာ’’တိ ထဌာ. စတုတ္ထော, ဆဋ္ဌော.

254. By ‘After catu and cha, tha and ṭha,’ the suffixes tha and ṭha are used. Hence, catuttho, chaṭṭho.

၂၅၅. တေသမဍ္ဎူပပဒေန အဍ္ဎုဍ္ဎ ဒိဝဍ္ဎ ဒိယဍ္ဎာဍ္ဎတိယာ.

255. For these, when preceded by aḍḍha, the forms are aḍḍhuḍḍha, divaḍḍha, diyaḍḍha, and aḍḍhatiya.

စတုတ္ထ [Pg.238] ဒုတိယ တတိယာနံ အဍ္ဎူပပဒေန သဟ အဍ္ဎုဍ္ဎ ဒိဝဍ္ဎ ဒိယဍ္ဎာဍ္ဎတိယာ ဟောန္တိ.

When catuttha, dutiya, and tatiya are compounded with a preceding aḍḍha, they become aḍḍhuḍḍha, divaḍḍha, diyaḍḍha, and aḍḍhatiya respectively.

အဍ္ဎေန စတုတ္ထော အဍ္ဎုဍ္ဎော, အဍ္ဎေန ဒုတိယော ဒိဝဍ္ဎော, ဒိယဍ္ဎော ဝါ, အဍ္ဎေန တတိယော အဍ္ဎတိယော.

Three and a half (aḍḍhena catuttho) is aḍḍhuḍḍho; one and a half (aḍḍhena dutiyo) is divaḍḍho or diyaḍḍho; two and a half (aḍḍhena tatiyo) is aḍḍhatiyo.

၂၅၆. ‘‘သင်္ချာပူရဏေ [Pg.239] မော’’တိ မော, ပဉ္စမော. ဣတ္ထိယံ ပဉ္စန္နံ ပူရဏီ ပဉ္စမီ.

256. By ‘In ordinals, ma,’ the suffix ma is used; hence, pañcamo. In the feminine, the ordinal of five (pañcannaṃ pūraṇī) is pañcamī.

ဧကော စ ဒသ စာတိ ဒွန္ဒေ ကတေ –

When a dvanda compound is formed from ‘one and ten’—

ဒွေကဋ္ဌာနမာကာရော ဝါ.

For dvi, eka, and aṭṭha, the final vowel optionally becomes ā.

သင်္ချာနေ ဥတ္တရပဒေ ဒွိဧကအဋ္ဌဣစ္စေတေသ မန္တဿ အာ ဝါ ဟောတိ. ဧကာဒသ ပဉ္စီဝ. ဧဝံ ဒွါဒသ.

When a numeral is the final member of a compound, the final vowel of dvi, eka, and aṭṭha optionally becomes ā. For example, ekādasa. Similarly, dvādasa.

ယဒါဒိနာ တိဿ တေအာဒေသေ ‘‘ဧကာဒိတော ဒဿ ရ သင်္ချာနေ’’တိ ဒသသဒ္ဒေ ဒဿ ရော. တေရသ.

By a subsequent rule, te is substituted for ti. Then, by the rule ‘In numerals, after eka etc., ra for da,’ the da in the word dasa becomes ra. Hence, terasa.

၂၅၇. ‘‘စတူပပဒဿ [Pg.241] လောပေါ တုတ္တရပဒါဒိစဿ စုစောပိ နဝါ’’တိ စတုသဒ္ဒေ တုဿ လောပေါ စဿ စု စ. စုဒ္ဒသ.

257. By the rule ‘For catu as first member, elision of tu...’, in the word catu, tu is elided and ca becomes cu. Hence, cuddasa.

‘‘ဒသေ သော နိစ္စဉ္စေ’’တိ ဆဿ သောအာဒေသေ – ‘‘ဠ ဒရာနံ’’တိ ဒသသဒ္ဒေ ဒဿ ဠော. သောဠသ, အဋ္ဌာရသ.

By the rule ‘Before dasa, so is always the substitute for cha,’ so is substituted for cha. Then by ‘ḷa for da and ra,’ the da in the word dasa becomes ḷa. Hence, soḷasa. Also, aṭṭhārasa.

၂၅၈. ‘‘ဝီသတိ [Pg.242] ဒသေသု ဗာ ဒွိဿ တူ’’တိ ဒွိဿ ဗာ. ဗာဝီသတိ, ဧကာဒသန္နံ ပူရဏော ဧကာဒသမော.

258. By the rule ‘Before `vīsati` and `dasa`, `bā` for `dvi`...’, `bā` is substituted for `dvi`. Hence, `bāvīsati`. The ordinal of eleven (`ekādasannaṃ pūraṇo`) is `ekādasamo`.

၂၅၉. ‘‘ဧကာဒိတော ဒသဿီ’’တိ ဣတ္ထိယံ ဤ. ဧကာဒသီ ဣစ္စာဒိ.

259. By the rule ‘After the numbers from eleven onwards, `ī` in the feminine,’ the suffix `ī` is used in the feminine. Hence, `ekādasī`, and so on.

‘‘ဒွါဒိတော ကောနေကတ္ထေ စေ’’တိ ကော, ဒွေ ပရိမာဏာနိ အဿေတိ ဒွိကံ. ဧဝံ တိကာဒိ.

By the rule ‘After `dvi` and so on, `ka` in the sense of a collection, and also...’, the suffix `ka` is used. A collection of two (`dve parimāṇāni assa`) is `dvikaṃ`. Similarly, `tika`, and so on.

၂၆၀. ‘‘သမူဟတ္ထေ [Pg.243] ကဏ္ဏာ’’တိ ကဏ စ, ဏော စ. မနုဿာနံ သမူဟော မာနုဿကော, မာနုဿော ဝါ.

260. By the rule ‘In the sense of a group, `kaṇa` and `ṇa`’, the suffixes `kaṇa` and `ṇa` are used. A group of humans (`manussānaṃ samūho`) becomes `mānussako` or `mānusso`.

ဏေ ကတေ – ‘‘ဈလာနမိယုဝါ သရေ ဝါ’’ တီဟ ဝါကာရေန ဣဿ အယာဒေသေ – ဒွယံ, တယံ. ဧဝံ ‘‘ဂါမဇနဗန္ဓုသဟာယာဒီဟိ တာ’’တိ တာ. ဂါမတာ, နာဂရတာ.

When the suffix `ṇa` is applied, by the rule ‘jhalānamiyuvā sare vā,’ here, by the letter `v`, `aya` is substituted for `i`, resulting in `dvayaṃ` and `tayaṃ`. Similarly, by the rule ‘After `gāma`, `jana`, `bandhu`, `sahāya`, etc., `tā`’, the suffix `tā` is used. Hence, `gāmatā`, `nāgaratā`.

ဘာဝတဒ္ဓိတ

Abstract Derivational Suffixes

၂၆၁. ဏျတ္တတာ ဘာဝေ တု.

261. But in the sense of an abstract state, the suffixes `ṇya`, `tta`, and `tā` are used.

ဘာဝတ္ထေ ဏျတ္တတာ ဟောန္တိ. တုသဒ္ဒေန တ္တနော စ. သကတ္ထာဒီသုပိ ဏျော, သကတ္ထေ တာ စ.

In the sense of an abstract state, the suffixes `ṇya`, `tta`, and `tā` occur. By the word `tu` in the previous rule, `ttana` is also included. The suffix `ṇya` is also used in the sense of ‘one’s own,’ etc., and `tā` is also used in the sense of ‘one’s own’.

၂၆၂.

All case endings following an avyayībhāva compound not ending in -a are elided. For example, adhitthi. The meaning of the case ending is location, etc.

ဟောန္တျသ္မာ [Pg.245] သဒ္ဒဉာဏာနိ,ဘာဝေါ သာ သဒ္ဒဝုတ္တိယာ;

နိမိတ္တဘူတံ နာမဉ္စ,ဇာတိ ဒဗ္ဗံ ကြိယာ ဂုဏော.

From which knowledge of words arises, that is the state (`bhāva`), by the function of the word. And the name becomes the ground for it, which may be species, substance, action, or quality.

၂၆၃. ယထာ [Pg.246] – စန္ဒဿ ဘာဝေါ စန္ဒတ္တံ. ဣဟ နာမဝသာ စန္ဒသဒ္ဒေါ စန္ဒဒ္ဒဗ္ဗေ ဝတ္တတေ, နိမိတ္တဿ ရူပါနုဂတဉ္စ ဉာဏံ. ဧဝံ မနုဿတ္တန္တိ မနုဿဇာတိဝသာ. ယဒါဒိနာ ဤဿ ရဿေ – ဒဏ္ဍိတ္တန္တိ ဒဏ္ဍဒ္ဒဗ္ဗသမ္ဗန္ဓာ. ပါစကတ္တန္တိ ပစနကြိယာသမ္ဗန္ဓာ. နီလတ္တန္တိ နီလဂုဏဝသာ.

263. For example, the state of the moon (`candassa bhāvo`) is `candattaṃ`. Here, by the power of the name, the word `canda` refers to the substance ‘moon,’ and knowledge conforms to the form of that ground. Similarly, `manussattaṃ` is based on the human species. By a subsequent rule, with shortening of `ī`, `daṇḍittaṃ` is from the connection with the substance ‘staff.’ `Pācakattaṃ` is from the connection with the action of cooking. `Nīlattaṃ` is based on the quality of blueness.

ဧဝံ ဏျာဒီသုပိ ယထာယောဂံ ဉေယျံ. ဏျော.

Thus it should be understood appropriately in the case of `ṇya` and the other suffixes as well. The Suffix `Ṇya`.

အဝဏ္ဏော ယေ လောပဉ္စ.

The `a`-vowel is elided before `ya`, and also...

ယေ [Pg.247] ပရေ အဝဏ္ဏော လုပျတေ, စကာရေန ဣကာရောပိ.

When `ya` follows, the `a`-vowel is elided; by the word `ca` in the rule, the vowel `i` is also elided.

ယဝတံ တလဏဒကာရာနံ ဗျဉ္ဇနာနိ စလဉ ဇကာရတ္တ’’န္တိ ယကာရယုတ္တာနံ တာဒီနံ စာဒယော, ကာရဂ္ဂဟဏေန သကပဘမာဒိတော ပရယကာရဿ ပုဗ္ဗေန သဟ ကွစိ ပုဗ္ဗရူပဉ္စ, ဒွိတ္တံ. ပဏ္ဍိစ္စံ, ကောသလ္လံ, သာမညံ, သောဟဇ္ဇံ, ပေါရိဿံ, နေပက္ကံ, သာရုပ္ပံ, ဩသဗ္ဘံ, ဩပမ္မံ.

By the rule ‘For `t`, `l`, `ṇ`, `d` followed by `y`, the consonants become `c`, `l`, `ñ`, `j`...’, for `t`, etc., joined with `y`, the substitutes are `c`, etc. By the inclusion of `kāra`, sometimes the `y` following `s`, `k`, `p`, `bh`, `m` is assimilated to the preceding consonant, and there is doubling. Examples: `paṇḍiccaṃ`, `kosallaṃ`, `sāmaññaṃ`, `sohajjaṃ`, `porissaṃ`, `nepakkaṃ`, `sāruppaṃ`, `osabbhaṃ`, `opammaṃ`.

အာတ္တဉ္စ.

And `ā` is the substitute.

ဣဥဣစ္စေတေသံ အာ ဟောတိ, ရိကာရာဂမော စ ဌာနေ.

For `i` and `u`, `ā` is the substitute, and the augment `ri` is inserted in its place.

သရလောပါဒိနာ ဣလောပေါ. ဣသိနော ဘာဝေါ.

By the rule ‘elision of a vowel, etc.,’ the vowel `i` is elided. The state of a seer (`isino bhāvo`)...

အာရိဿံ[Pg.248]. ဧဝံ မုဒုတာ, အရဟတာ, န္တဿ ယဒါဒိနာ လောပေါ.

...becomes `ārissaṃ`. Similarly, `mudutā`, `arahatā`. The ending `-nt` is elided by a subsequent rule.

ပုထုဇ္ဇနတ္တနံ, အကိဉ္စနမေဝ အာကိဉ္စညံ, ကုဏ္ဍနိယာ အပစ္စံ ကောဏ္ဍညော, ဧတ္ထ ဝုဒ္ဓါဒေါ ဝါကာရေန သံယောဂန္တဿာပိ ဝုဒ္ဓိ.

`Puthujjanattanaṃ`. Nothingness (`akiñcanaṃ`) itself becomes `ākiñcaññaṃ`. The descendant of Kuṇḍanī (`kuṇḍaniyā apaccaṃ`) is `koṇḍañño`. Here, by a rule beginning with `vuddhi`, by the word `vā`, `vuddhi` occurs even for a stem ending in a conjunct consonant.

ပဒါယ [Pg.250] ဟိတံ ပဇ္ဇံ, ဓနာယံ သံဝတ္တနိကံ ဓညံ, သတိတော သမ္ဘူတံ သစ္စံ, ဣလောပေါ, တီသု န ဝုဒ္ဓိ. ဒေဝေါ ဧဝ ဒေဝတာ.

Beneficial for the foot (`padāya hitaṃ`) is `pajjaṃ`. Conducive to wealth (`dhanāya saṃvattanikaṃ`) is `dhaññaṃ`. Born from mindfulness (`satito sambhūtaṃ`) is `saccaṃ`. There is elision of `i`. In these three cases, there is no `vuddhi`. A god (`devo`) itself is a deity (`devatā`).

၂၆၄. ‘‘ဏ [Pg.251] ဝိသမာဒီဟီ’’တိ ဘာဝေ ဏော. ဝေသမံ. ဥဇုနော ဘာဝေါ အဇ္ဇဝံ. ဧတ္ထ ဥဿ အာတ္တေ ပရူကာရဿ ယဒါဒိနာ အဝေါ.

264. By the rule ‘`ṇa` after `visama`, etc.,’ the suffix `ṇa` is used in the abstract sense. Hence, `vesamaṃ`. The state of being straight (`ujuno bhāvo`) is `ajjavaṃ`. Here, when the initial `u` is substituted, the following `u` becomes `ava` by a subsequent rule.

၂၆၅. ‘‘ရမဏီယာဒိတော [Pg.252] ကဏ္တိ ကဏ. မာနညကံ.

265. By the rule ‘After `ramaṇīya`, etc., `kaṇ`’, the suffix `kaṇa` is used. Hence, `mānaññakaṃ`.

အဗျယတဒ္ဓိတ

Indeclinable Derivational Suffixes

၂၆၆. ‘‘ဝိဘာဂေ [Pg.254] ဓာ စေ’’တိ ဓာ, စကာရေန သောပ္ပစ္စယော စ. ဧကေန ဝိဘာဂေန ဧကဓာ, နိပါတတ္တာ သိလောပေါ. ပဒဝိဘာဂေန ပဒသော.

266. By the rule ‘In the sense of division, `dhā`, and also...’, the suffix `dhā` is used; and by the word `ca`, the suffix `so` also. By one division, `ekadhā`; due to being an indeclinable, the case ending is elided. By division of words, `padaso`.

၂၆၇. ‘‘သဗ္ဗနာမေဟိ ပကာရဝစနေ တု ထာ’’တိ ထာ. တုကာရေန ထတ္တာ စ. သဗ္ဗော ပကာရော, သဗ္ဗေန ပကာရေန ဝါ သဗ္ဗထာ. ဧဝံ အညထတ္တာ.

267. By the rule ‘After pronouns, in the sense of manner, `thā`...’, the suffix `thā` is used. And by the word `tu`, `thattā` is also formed. `Sabbathā` means all kinds, or by all kinds. Similarly, `aññathattā`.

၂၆၈. ‘‘ကိမိမေဟိ [Pg.255] ထ’’န္တိ ထံ, ကာဒေသေ-ကထံ. ဣအာဒေသေ-ဣတ္ထံ, ထန္တိ ယောဂဝိဘာဂေန ထံ-ဗဟုတ္ထံ.

268. By the rule ‘After `kiṃ` and `ima`, `thaṃ`’, the suffix `thaṃ` is used. When `ka` is the substitute for `kiṃ`, it becomes `kathaṃ`. When `i` is the substitute for `ima`, it becomes `itthaṃ`. By splitting the rule at `thaṃ`, the form `bahutthaṃ` is derived.

၂၆၉. အမလိနံ မလိနံ ကရောတီတျာဒျတ္ထေ-အဘူတတဗ္ဘာဝေ ဂမျမာနေ ကရဘူယောဂေ သတိ နာမတော ယဒါဒိနာ ဤပ္ပစ္စယော, မလိနီကရောတိ သေတံ. အဘသ္မနော ဘသ္မနော ကရဏန္တိ ဘသ္မီကရဏံ ကဋ္ဌဿ. အမလိနော မလိနော ဘဝတီတိ မလိနီဘဝတိ သေတော. ဤပ္ပစ္စယန္တောပိ နိပါတော. အဘူတတဗ္ဘာဝေတိ ကိံ, ဃဋံ ကရောတိ, ဃဋော ဘဝတိ.

269. In the sense of ‘making the unblemished blemished,’ etc., when the state of becoming what was not before is understood, and there is connection with the roots `kar` or `bhū`, the suffix `ī` is applied after a noun stem by a subsequent rule. For example, `malinīkaroti setaṃ` (he makes the white blemished). `Bhasmīkaraṇaṃ kaṭṭhassa` (reducing wood to ashes) means ‘the making of what is not ashes into ashes.’ `Malinībhavati setaṃ` (the white becomes blemished) means ‘the unblemished becomes blemished.’ A word ending with the `ī` suffix is also an indeclinable. Why the condition `abhūtatabbhāve` (in the state of becoming what was not before)? Consider `ghaṭaṃ karoti` (he makes a pot) and `ghaṭo bhavati` (it becomes a pot).

ကရဘူယောဂေတိ [Pg.256] ကိံ, အမလိနော မလိနော ဇာယတေ.

Why the condition `karabhūyoge` (in connection with `kar` or `bhū`)? Consider `amalino malino jāyate` (the unblemished becomes blemished), which is formed without the `ī` suffix.

အဝတ္ထာဝတောဝတ္ထယာ, ဘူတဿညာယ ဝတ္ထုနော.

Of a thing, from a non-state to a state, which is understood as having become different,

တာယာဝတ္ထာယ ဘဝနံ, အဘူတတဗ္ဘဝံ ဝိဒုံ.

the becoming of that state, they know as `abhūtatabbhāva`.

တဒ္ဓိတော.

Taddhita.